San Marino

San Marino ( SAN mə-REE-noh, Italian: [sam maˈriːno]; Romagnol: San Maréin or San Maroin), officially the Republic of San Marino (Italian: Repubblica di San Marino) and also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino), is a European microstate surrounded by Italy. Located on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains, it is the fifth-smallest country in the world, with a land area of just over 61 km2 (23+12 sq mi) and a population of 33,660 as of 2022.

San Marino is a landlocked country; however, its northeastern end is within ten kilome...Read more

San Marino ( SAN mə-REE-noh, Italian: [sam maˈriːno]; Romagnol: San Maréin or San Maroin), officially the Republic of San Marino (Italian: Repubblica di San Marino) and also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino), is a European microstate surrounded by Italy. Located on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains, it is the fifth-smallest country in the world, with a land area of just over 61 km2 (23+12 sq mi) and a population of 33,660 as of 2022.

San Marino is a landlocked country; however, its northeastern end is within ten kilometres (six miles) of the Italian city of Rimini on the Adriatic coast. The country's capital city, the City of San Marino, is located atop Monte Titano, while its largest settlement is Dogana, within the municipality of Serravalle. San Marino's official language is Italian.

The country derives its name from Saint Marinus, a stonemason from the then-Roman island of Rab in present-day Croatia. Born in 275 AD, Marinus participated in the rebuilding of Rimini's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates. Marinus later founded an independent monastic community on Monte Titano in 301 AD; thus, San Marino lays claim to being the oldest extant sovereign state, as well as the oldest constitutional republic.

Uniquely, San Marino's constitution dictates that its democratically elected legislature, the Grand and General Council, must elect two heads of state every six months. Known as the Captains Regent, they serve concurrently and with equal powers.

The country's economy is mainly based on finance, industry, services, retail, and tourism. It is one of the wealthiest countries in the world in GDP per capita, with a figure comparable to the most developed European regions. Despite this, its Human Development Index score is 44th, the lowest in Western Europe. Its healthcare system ranked third in the first ever World Health Organization analysis of the world's health systems.

 Illustration of Saint Marinus, the founder of the Republic of San Marino and prominent cultural figure

Saint Marinus left the island of Rab in present-day Croatia with his lifelong friend Leo and went to the city of Rimini as a stonemason. After the Diocletianic Persecution following his Christian sermons, he escaped to the nearby Monte Titano, where he built a small church and thus founded what is now the city and state of San Marino.

The official founding date is 3 September 301 AD.[citation needed][1] In 1291, San Marino appealed to the bishop of Arezzo, Ildebrandino Guidi di Romena, against the contribution demands by the Vicario del Montefeltro. Jurist Palamede di Rimini decided in favour of San Marino and recognised its tax exemption from tributes demands of Montefeltro. In 1296, when Guglielmo Durante was the governor of Romagna, Sammarinesi appealed to Pope Boniface VIII against the further requests by the Montefeltro podestas regarding tributes. Abbot Ranieri di Sant'Anastasio was assigned to judge the dispute. A long process was held using various witnesses and sources to determine San Marino tax's exemption status. The verdict was probably in favour of the autonomy of San Marino, as later the State didn't pay taxes to the Montefeltro.[2]

In 1320, the community of Chiesanuova chose to join the country.[3] In 1463, San Marino was enlarged to include the communities of Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, and Serravalle; since then, the country's borders have remained unchanged.[4]

In 1503, Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, occupied the Republic for six months until his father's successor, Pope Julius II, intervened and restored the country's independence.[5]

On 4 June 1543, Fabiano di Monte San Savino, nephew of the later Pope Julius III, attempted to conquer the republic, but his infantry and cavalry failed as they got lost in a dense fog, which the Sammarinesi attributed to Saint Quirinus, whose feast day it was.[6]

After the Duchy of Urbino was annexed by the Papal States in 1625, San Marino became an enclave within the papal states. This led to its seeking the formal protection of the Papal States in 1631, but this never amounted to a de facto Papal control of the republic.[7]

The country was occupied on 17 October 1739 by the legate (Papal governor) of Ravenna, Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, but independence was restored by Pope Clement XII on 5 February 1740, the feast day of Saint Agatha, after which she became a patron saint of the republic.[8]

The advance of Napoleon's army in 1797 presented a brief threat to the independence of San Marino, but the country was saved from losing its liberty by one of its regents, Antonio Onofri, who managed to gain the respect and friendship of Napoleon. Due to Onofri's intervention, Napoleon promised, in a letter to Gaspard Monge, scientist and commissary of the French Government for Science and Art, to guarantee and protect the independence of the Republic, even offering to extend its territory according to its needs. The offer was declined by the regents, fearing future retaliation from other states' revanchism.[9][10]

 Anita and Giuseppe Garibaldi in San Marino, 1849 The San Marino constitution, or more precisely statutes, of 1600

During the later phase of the Italian unification process in the 19th century, San Marino served as a refuge for many people persecuted because of their support for unification, including Giuseppe Garibaldi and his wife Anita. Garibaldi allowed San Marino to remain independent. San Marino and the Kingdom of Italy signed a Convention of Friendship in 1862.[11]

The government of San Marino made United States President Abraham Lincoln an honorary citizen. He wrote in reply, saying that the republic proved that "government founded on republican principles is capable of being so administered as to be secure and enduring".[12][13]

20th century onwards

During World War I, when Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary on 24 May 1915, San Marino remained neutral and Italy adopted a hostile view of Sammarinese neutrality, suspecting that San Marino could harbour Austrian spies who could be given access to its new radiotelegraph station. Italy tried to forcibly establish a detachment of Carabinieri in the republic and then cut the republic's telephone lines when it did not acquiesce. Two groups of ten volunteers joined the Italian forces in the fighting on the Italian front, the first as combatants and the second as a medical corps operating a Red Cross field hospital. The existence of this hospital later caused Austria-Hungary to suspend diplomatic relations with San Marino.[14]

After the war, San Marino suffered from high rates of unemployment and inflation, leading to increased tension between the lower and middle classes. The latter, fearing that the moderate government of San Marino would make concessions to the lower class majority, began to show support for the Sammarinese Fascist Party (Partito Fascista Sammarinese, PFS), founded in 1922 and styled largely on their Italian counterpart. PFS rule lasted from 1923 to 1943, and during this time they often sought support from Benito Mussolini's fascist government in Italy.[15]

 British troops at Monte Titano during the Battle of San Marino, September 1944

During World War II, San Marino remained neutral, although it was wrongly reported in an article in The New York Times that it had declared war on the United Kingdom on 17 September 1940.[16] The Sammarinese government later transmitted a message to the British government stating that they had not declared war on the United Kingdom.[17]

On 28 July 1943, three days after the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy, PFS rule collapsed and the new government declared neutrality in the conflict. The PFS regained power on 1 April 1944, but kept neutrality intact. Despite that, on 26 June 1944, San Marino was bombed by the Royal Air Force, in the belief that San Marino had been overrun by German forces and was being used to amass stores and ammunition. The Sammarinese government declared on the same day that no military installations or equipment were located on its territory, and that no belligerent forces had been allowed to enter.[18] San Marino accepted thousands of civilian refugees when Allied forces went over the Gothic Line.[19] In September 1944, it was briefly occupied by German forces, who were defeated by Allied forces in the Battle of San Marino.[20]

San Marino had the world's first democratically elected communist government – a coalition between the Sammarinese Communist Party and the Sammarinese Socialist Party, which held office between 1945 and 1957.[21][22] The coalition lost power through the fatti di Rovereta.

San Marino became a member of the Council of Europe in 1988 and of the United Nations in 1992. It is not a member of the European Union, although it uses the euro as its currency (despite not legally being part of the Eurozone). Before the introduction of the euro, the country's currency was the Sammarinese lira.

As of June 2020, San Marino had the highest death rate per capita of any country, due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[23] In April 2021, it was reported that San Marino was using the Russian Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine rather than vaccines approved by the EU, following a slow rollout for the latter vaccines.[24][25]

At the 2020 Summer Olympics, San Marino became the smallest country to earn an Olympic medal when Alessandra Perilli won a bronze medal in the women's trap.[26] They later won another medal, this one silver, with Perilli's and Gian Marco Berti's performance in the mixed trap shooting event.[27]

On 7 March 2022, during the Russia-Ukraine War, the Russian Kremlin released on Twitter a list of countries which it considered "unfriendly" to Russia. San Marino was included in the list, alongside numerous well-known Russian adversaries such as the United States and countries in the European Union. The motivation for including San Marino as an "unfriendly" nation was unclear, and it gained substantial attention on the Internet.[28]

On 31 August 2022, San Marino officials voted to legalize abortion, to be paid for by the public health system, in the republic, "one of the last European states to have had the procedure outlawed under all circumstances".[29] 32 members of the legislature approved the bill while 10 abstained and 7 voted against.[30]

^ M. A., Geography; B. A., Geography. "Have You Ever Wondered What the Oldest Country in the World Is?". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 11 September 2021. ^ Rossini, Giuseppe (1958). "Un documento inedito della Repubblica di S. Marino nella Biblioteca Comunale di Faenza" (PDF). Studi romagnoli (in Italian). 9: 19–34. ^ "SanMarinoSite. Chiesanuova". 10 October 2014. ^ San Marino. Countries and their Cultures. ^ Paul Joseph The Sage Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives: Volume IV, 2017, p. 1511. ^ Nevio and Annio Maria Matteimi The Republic of San Marino: Historical and Artistic Guide to the City and the Castles, 2011, p. 20. ^ Nevio and Annio Maria Matteimi The Republic of San Marino: Historical and Artistic Guide to the City and the Castles, 2011, p. 21. ^ Nevio and Annio Maria Matteimi The Republic of San Marino: Historical and Artistic Guide to the City and the Castles, 2011, p. 23. ^ "From 1500 to beginning 1800, Napoleon in San Marino". Sanmarinosite.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2009. ^ Histoire abrégée des traités de paix entre les puissances de l'Europe depuis la Paix de Westphalie, Christophe-Guillaume Koch, ed., Paris, 1817, vol. V, p. 19. ^ "Convention of Good Neighbourship between Italy and San Marino, signed at Turin, 22 March 1862". Oxford Public International Law. Retrieved 12 September 2022. ^ "San Marino". United States Diplomatic History. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 29 May 2011. ^ Irving Wallace, The Book of Lists 3 ^ "San Marino e la Prima Guerra Mondiale". Educazione.sm. Retrieved 24 October 2009. ^ Valentina (13 October 2014). "World Wars and Fascism in San Marino". Sanmarinosite.com. San Marino Site Turismo. Retrieved 28 February 2019. ^ "Gales Scatter Nazi Channel Fleets; Italians Thrust Deeper into Egypt (9/18/40)". 209.157.64.200. 18 September 2010. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1944, Europe, Volume IV". Office of the Historian. (U.S.) Department of State. 4 July 1944. pp. 291–292. Retrieved 29 May 2022. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1944, Europe, Volume IV". Office of the Historian. (U.S.) Department of State. 4 July 1944. pp. 290–291. Retrieved 29 May 2022. ^ "Guerre Mondiali e Fascismo nella storia di San Marino". Sanmarinosite.com. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2009. ^ "San Marino (War Damage Claim)". UK Parliament. 7 July 1961. In February, 1952, the Government of San Marino agreed to limit their claim only to compensation for damage caused by the bombing on 26th June, 1944, as they considered—and still consider—that the damage which occurred after the bombardment on 26th June, 1944, was the responsibility of the German Armed Forces. ^ Desai, Manali (2006). State Formation and Radical Democracy in India. Taylor & Francis. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-203-96774-4. Retrieved 31 August 2013. ^ Mayne, Alan James (1999). From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-275-96151-0. Retrieved 31 August 2013. ^ "Gruppo coordinamento emergenze sanitarie: aggiornamento dati sull'Infezione COVID-19", Istituto per la Sicurezza Sociale, Repubblica di San Marino, 29 April 2020 (in Italian) ^ "San Marino, the micronation within Italy, stokes envy with speedy Russian-supplied vaccine campaign", Washington Post, 2 April 2021. ^ "Shut Out on Vaccines, Tiny San Marino Turns to Old Friend: Russia", New York Times, 2 April 2021. ^ "Olympics-Shooting-Tears of joy as San Marino becomes smallest Olympic medal-winning nation". sports.yahoo.com. 29 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021. ^ Mather, Victor (31 July 2021). "San Marino becomes the smallest country to win an Olympic medal". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 September 2022. ^ "San Marino's inclusion on Russia's "unfriendly" list prompts wave of memes". Newsweek. 7 March 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022. ^ "San Marino legalizes abortion, year after voters gave OK". ABC News. Retrieved 4 September 2022. ^ "San Marino legalises abortion, one year after landmark referendum". euronews. 1 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
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