Château de Versailles

( Palace of Versailles )

The Palace of Versailles ( vair-SY, vur-SY; French: château de Versailles [ʃɑto d(ə) vɛʁsɑj] ) is a former royal residence commissioned by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about 19 kilometers (12 mi) west of Paris, France.

The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 1995 has been managed, under the direction of the French Ministry of Culture, by the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles. About 15,000,000 people visit the palace, park, or gardens of Versailles every year, making it one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world.

Louis XIII built a simple hunting lodge on the site of the Palace of Versailles in 1623. With his death came Louis XIV who expanded the château into the beginnings of a pal...Read more

The Palace of Versailles ( vair-SY, vur-SY; French: château de Versailles [ʃɑto d(ə) vɛʁsɑj] ) is a former royal residence commissioned by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about 19 kilometers (12 mi) west of Paris, France.

The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 1995 has been managed, under the direction of the French Ministry of Culture, by the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles. About 15,000,000 people visit the palace, park, or gardens of Versailles every year, making it one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world.

Louis XIII built a simple hunting lodge on the site of the Palace of Versailles in 1623. With his death came Louis XIV who expanded the château into the beginnings of a palace that went through several changes and phases from 1661 to 1715. It was a favorite residence for both kings, and in 1682, Louis XIV moved the seat of his court and government to Versailles, making the palace the de facto capital of France. This state of affairs was continued by Kings Louis XV and Louis XVI, who primarily made interior alterations to the palace, but in 1789 the royal family and capital of France returned to Paris. For the rest of the French Revolution, the Palace of Versailles was largely abandoned and emptied of its contents, and the population of the surrounding city plummeted.

Napoleon, following his coronation as Emperor, used Versailles as a summer residence from 1810 to 1814, but did not restore it. Following the Bourbon Restoration, when the king was returned to the throne, he resided in Paris and it was not until the 1830s that meaningful repairs were made to the palace. A museum of French history was installed within it, replacing the apartments of the southern wing.

The palace and park were designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979 for its importance as the center of power, art, and science in France during the 17th and 18th centuries. The French Ministry of Culture has placed the palace, its gardens, and some of its subsidiary structures on its list of culturally significant monuments.

An engraving of Louis XIII's château as it appeared in 1652 Versailles around 1652, engraving by Jacques Gomboust [fr]

In 1623,[1][2] Louis XIII, King of France, built a hunting lodge on a hill in a favorite hunting ground, 19 kilometers (12 mi) west of Paris,[3] and 16 kilometers (10 mi) from his primary residence, the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[4] The site, near a village named Versailles,[a] was a wooded wetland that Louis XIII's court scorned as being generally unworthy of a king;[8] one of his courtiers, François de Bassompierre, wrote that the lodge "would not inspire vanity in even the simplest gentleman".[2][9] From 1631 to 1634, architect Philibert Le Roy replaced the lodge with a château for Louis XIII,[10][11] who forbade his queen, Anne of Austria, from staying there overnight,[12][13] even when an outbreak of smallpox at Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1641 forced Louis XIII to relocate to Versailles with his three-year-old heir, the future Louis XIV.[12][14]

When Louis XIII died in 1643, Anne became Louis XIV's regent,[15] and Louis XIII's château was abandoned for the next decade. She moved the court back to Paris,[16] where Anne and her chief minister, Cardinal Mazarin, continued Louis XIII's unpopular monetary practices. This led to the Fronde, a series of revolts against royal authority from 1648 to 1653 that masked a struggle between Mazarin and the princes of the blood, Louis XIV's extended family, for influence over him.[17] In the aftermath of the Fronde, Louis XIV became determined to rule alone.[18][19] Following Mazarin's death in 1661,[20] Louis XIV reformed his government to exclude his mother and the princes of the blood,[19] moved the court back to Saint-Germain-en-Laye,[21] and ordered the expansion of his father's château at Versailles into a palace.[12][22]

Louis XIV had hunted at Versailles in the 1650s,[11][14] but did not take any special interest in Versailles until 1661.[23] On 17 August 1661,[24] Louis XIV was a guest at a sumptuous festival hosted by Nicolas Fouquet, the Superintendent of Finances, at his palatial residence, the Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte.[20][25] Louis XIV was impressed by the château and its gardens,[25][26] which were the work of Louis Le Vau, the court architect since 1654, André Le Nôtre, the royal gardener since 1657, and Charles Le Brun,[11] a painter in royal service since 1647.[27] Vaux-le-Vicomte's scale and opulence inspired Louis XIV's aesthetic sense,[2] but also led him to imprison Fouquet that September, as he had also built an island fortress and a private army.[25][28] Louis XIV was also inspired by Vaux-le-Vicomte,[29] and he recruited its authors for his own projects.[30][31] Louis XIV replaced Fouquet with Jean-Baptiste Colbert,[19][26] a protégé of Mazarin and enemy of Fouquet,[32] and charged him with managing the corps of artisans in royal employment.[33][34] Colbert acted as the intermediary between them and Louis XIV,[35] who personally directed and inspected the planning and construction of Versailles.[36][37][38]

Construction
A painting of the Palace and Versailles and its gardens as it appeared in 1668 
Versailles in 1668, painted by Pierre Patel
A painting of the garden façade built by Louis Le Vau from 1668 to 1670 
Le Vau's garden façade around 1675

Work at Versailles was at first concentrated on gardens,[39][40] and through the 1660s, Le Vau only added two detached service wings and a forecourt to the château.[41][42] But in 1668–69,[43][44] as a response to the growth of the gardens,[45] and victory over Spain in the War of Devolution,[43][44] Louis XIV decided to turn Versailles into a full-scale royal residence.[41][46] He vacillated between replacing or incorporating his father's château, but settled on the latter by the end of the decade,[43][44][47] and from 1668 to 1671,[48] Louis XIII's château was encased on three sides in a feature dubbed the enveloppe.[44][49] This gave the château a new, Italianate façade overlooking the gardens, but preserved the courtyard façade,[50][51] resulting in a mix of styles and materials that dismayed Louis XIV[51] and that Colbert described as a "patchwork".[52] Attempts to homogenize the two façades failed, and in 1670 Le Vau died,[53] leaving the post of First Architect to the King vacant for the next seven years.[54]

Le Vau was succeeded at Versailles by his assistant, architect François d'Orbay.[55] Work at the palace during the 1670s focused on its interiors, as the palace was then nearing completion,[50][56] though d'Orbay expanded Le Vau's service wings and connected them to the château,[50] and built a pair of pavilions for government employees in the forecourt.[14][57] In 1670, d'Orbay was tasked by Louis XIV with designing a city, also called Versailles,[5] to house and service Louis XIV's growing government and court.[53][58] The granting of land to courtiers for the construction of townhouses that resembled the palace began in 1671.[53][59] The next year, the Franco-Dutch War began and funding for Versailles was cut until 1674,[60] when Louis XIV had work begun on the Ambassadors' Staircase [fr], a grand staircase for the reception of guests, and demolished the last of the village of Versailles.[61]

 Versailles around 1682, engraving by Adam Perelle

Following the end of the Franco-Dutch War with French victory in 1678, Louis XIV appointed as First Architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart,[21][62] an experienced architect in Louis XIV's confidence,[63] who would benefit from a restored budget and large workforce of former soldiers.[60][64] Mansart began his tenure with the addition from 1678 to 1681 of the Hall of Mirrors,[65] a renovation of the courtyard façade of Louis XIII's château,[66] and the expansion of d'Orbay's pavilions to create the Ministers' Wings in 1678–79.[67] Adjacent to the palace, Mansart built a pair of stables called the Grande and Petite Écuries from 1679 to 1682[68][69] and the Grand Commun [fr], which housed the palace's servants and general kitchens, from 1682 to 1684.[70] Mansart also added two entirely new wings in Le Vau's Italianate style to house the court,[71] first at the south end of the palace from 1679 to 1681[72] and then at its north end from 1685 to 1689.[14]

War and the resulting diminished funding slowed construction at Versailles for the rest of the 17th century.[60] The Nine Years' War, which began in 1688, stopped work altogether until 1698.[64] Three years later, however, the even more expensive War of the Spanish Succession began and,[73] combined with poor harvests in 1693–94 and 1709–10,[74][75] plunged France into crisis.[75][76] Louis XIV thus slashed funding and canceled some of the work Mansart had planned in the 1680s, such as the remodeling of the courtyard façade in the Italianate style. Louis XIV and Mansart focused on a permanent palace chapel,[60][77] the construction of which lasted from 1699 to 1710.[50][78]

 A masked ball in the Hall of Mirrors (1745) by Charles-Nicolas Cochin

Louis XIV's successors, Louis XV and Louis XVI, largely left Versailles as they inherited it and focused on the palace's interiors. Louis XV's modifications began in the 1730s, with the completion of the Salon d'Hercule, a ballroom in the north wing, and the expansion of the king's private apartment,[79][80] which required the demolition of the Ambassadors' Staircase.[36] In 1748, Louis XV began construction of a palace theater, the Royal Opera of Versailles at the northernmost end of the palace,[81][82] but completion was delayed until 1770;[82][83] construction was interrupted in the 1740s by the War of the Austrian Succession and then again in 1756 with the start of the Seven Years' War.[81][83] These wars emptied the royal treasury and thereafter construction was mostly funded by Madame du Barry, Louis XV's favorite mistress. In 1771, Louis XV had the northern Ministers' Wing rebuilt in Neoclassical style by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, his court architect, as it was in the process of falling down. That work was also stopped by financial constraints, and it remained incomplete when Louis XV died in 1774. In 1784, Louis XVI briefly moved the royal family to the Château de Saint-Cloud ahead of more renovations to the Palace of Versailles, but construction could not begin because of financial difficulty and political crisis.[84] In 1789, the French Revolution swept the royal family and government out of Versailles forever.[50][85]

Role in politics and culture  Reception of the Grand Condé at Versailles, painted by Jean-Léon Gérôme

The Palace of Versailles was key to Louis XIV's politics, as an expression and concentration of French art and culture, and for the centralization of royal power.[86][87] Louis XIV first used Versailles to promote himself with a series of nighttime festivals in its gardens in 1664, 1668, and 1674,[23] the events of which were disseminated throughout Europe by print and engravings.[88][89] As early as 1669,[43] but especially from 1678,[90] Louis XIV sought to make Versailles his seat of government, and he expanded the palace so as to fit the court within it.[91][92][93] The moving of the court to Versailles did not come until 1682,[93] however, and not officially, as opinion on Versailles was mixed among the nobility of France.[9][94]

By 1687, however, it was evident to all that Versailles was the de facto capital of France,[67][95] and Louis XIV succeeded in attracting the nobility to Versailles to pursue prestige and royal patronage within a strict court etiquette,[87][92][96][b] thus eroding their traditional provincial power bases.[92][93][98] It was at the Palace of Versailles that Louis XIV received the Doge of Genoa, Francesco Maria Imperiale Lercari in 1685,[99] an embassy from the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1686,[100] and an embassy from Safavid Iran in 1715.[101]

Louis XIV died at Versailles on 1 September 1715 and was succeeded by his five-year-old great-grandson, Louis XV,[74][102] then the duke of Anjou,[103] who was moved to Vincennes and then to Paris by Louis XV's regent, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans.[102] Versailles was neglected until 1722,[14] when Philippe II removed the court to Versailles to escape the unpopularity of his regency,[104][105] and when Louis XV began his majority.[106] The 1722 move, however, broke the cultural power of Versailles,[107] and during the reign of Louis XVI, courtiers spent their leisure in Paris, not Versailles.[14]

 The 7-year-old Mozart during his stay at the Versailles Palace

During Christmas 1763, Mozart and his family visited Versailles and dined with the kings. The 7-year-old Mozart played several works during his stay and later dedicated his first two harpsichord sonatas, published in 1764 in Paris, to Madame Victoria, daughter of Louis XV.[108]

In 1783, the palace was the site of the signing of the last two of the three treaties of the Peace of Paris (1783), which ended the American Revolutionary War. On September 3, British and American delegates, led by Benjamin Franklin, signed the Treaty of Paris at the Hôtel d'York (now 56 Rue Jacob) in Paris, granting the United States independence. On September 4, Spain and France signed separate treaties with England at the Palace of Versailles, formally ending the war.[109]

The King and Queen learned of the Storming of the Bastille in Paris on 14 July 1789, while they were at the palace, and remained isolated there as the Revolution in Paris spread. The growing anger in Paris led to the Women's March on Versailles on 5 October 1789. A crowd of several thousand men and women, protesting the high price and scarcity of bread, marched from the markets of Paris to Versailles. They took weapons from the city armory, besieged the palace, and compelled the King and royal family and the members of the National Assembly to return with them to Paris the following day.[110]

As soon as the royal family departed, the palace was closed. In 1792, the National Convention, the new revolutionary government, ordered the transfer of all the paintings and sculptures from the palace to the Louvre. In 1793, the Convention declared the abolition of the monarchy and ordered all of the royal property in the palace to be sold at auction. The auction took place between 25 August 1793 and 11 August 1794. The furnishings and art of the palace, including the furniture, mirrors, baths, and kitchen equipment, were sold in seventeen thousand lots. All fleurs-de-lys and royal emblems on the buildings were chambered or chiseled off. The empty buildings were turned into a storehouse for furnishings, art and libraries confiscated from the nobility. The empty grand apartments were opened for tours beginning in 1793, and a small museum of French paintings and art school was opened in some of the empty rooms.[111]

By virtue of an order issued by the Versailles district directorate in August 1794, the Royal Gate was destroyed, the Cour Royale was cleared and the Cour de Marbre lost its precious floor.[112][113]

19th century – history museum and government venue  The Lords' Antechamber at Grand Trianon Banquet for Queen Victoria hosted by Napoleon III in the Royal Opera of Versailles, August 1855 by Eugene Lami Proclamation of the German Empire, 18 January 1871, 1877 by Anton von Werner

When Napoleon became Emperor of the French in 1804, he considered making Versailles his residence but abandoned the idea because of the cost of the renovation. Prior to his marriage with Marie-Louise in 1810, he had the Grand Trianon restored and refurnished as a springtime residence for himself and his family, in the style of furnishing that it is seen today.[114]

In 1815, with the final downfall of Napoleon, Louis XVIII, the younger brother of Louis XVI, became King, and considered returning the royal residence to Versailles, where he had been born. He ordered the restoration of the royal apartments, but the task and cost was too great. Louis XVIII had the far end of the south wing of the Cour Royale demolished and rebuilt (1814–1824) to match the Gabriel wing of 1780 opposite, which gave greater uniformity of appearance to the front entrance.[115] Neither he nor his successor Charles X lived at Versailles.[114]

The French Revolution of 1830 brought a new monarch, Louis-Philippe to power, and a new ambition for Versailles. He did not reside at Versailles but began the creation of the Museum of the History of France, dedicated to "all the glories of France", which had been used to house some members of the royal family. The museum was begun in 1833 and inaugurated on 30 June 1837. Its most famous room is the Galerie des Batailles (Hall of Battles), which lies on most of the length of the second floor of the south wing.[116] The museum project largely came to a halt when Louis Philippe was overthrown in 1848, though the paintings of French heroes and great battles still remain in the south wing.

Emperor Napoleon III used the palace on occasion as a stage for grand ceremonies. One of the most lavish was the banquet that he hosted for Queen Victoria in the Royal Opera of Versailles on 25 August 1855.[117]

During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, the palace was occupied by the general staff of the victorious German Army. Parts of the château, including the Gallery of Mirrors, were turned into a military hospital. The creation of the German Empire, combining Prussia and the surrounding German states under William I, was formally proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors on 18 January 1871. The Germans remained in the palace until the signing of the armistice in March 1871. In that month, the government of the new Third French Republic, which had departed Paris during the War for Tours and then Bordeaux, moved into the palace. The National Assembly held its meetings in the Opera House.[118]

The uprising of the Paris Commune in March 1871, prevented the French government, under Adolphe Thiers, from returning immediately to Paris. The military operation which suppressed the Commune at the end of May was directed from Versailles, and the prisoners of the Commune were marched there and put on trial in military courts. In 1875 a second parliamentary body, the French Senate, was created and held its meetings for the election of a President of the Republic in a new hall created in 1876 in the south wing of the palace. The French Senate continues to meet in the palace on special occasions, such as the amendment of the French Constitution.[119]

20th century  The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28 June 1919 by William Orpen

The end of the 19th and the early 20th century saw the beginning of restoration efforts at the palace, first led by Pierre de Nolhac, poet and scholar and the first conservator, who began his work in 1892. The conservation and restoration were interrupted by two world wars but have continued until the present day.[120]

The palace returned to the world stage in June 1919, when, after six months of negotiations, the Treaty of Versailles, formally ending the First World War, was signed in the Hall of Mirrors. Between 1925 and 1928, the American philanthropist and multi-millionaire John D. Rockefeller, Jr. gave $2,166,000, the equivalent of about thirty million dollars today, to restore and refurbish the palace.[121]

More work took place after World War II, with the restoration of the Royal Opera of Versailles. The theater was reopened in 1957, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.[122]

In 1978, parts of the palace were heavily damaged in a bombing committed by Breton terrorists.[123]

Starting in the 1950s, when the museum of Versailles was under the directorship of Gérald van der Kemp, the objective was to restore the palace to its state – or as close to it as possible – in 1789 when the royal family left the palace. Among the early projects was the repair of the roof over the Hall of Mirrors; the publicity campaign brought international attention to the plight of post-war Versailles and garnered much foreign money including a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.

One of the more costly endeavors for the museum and France's Fifth Republic has been to repurchase as much of the original furnishings as possible. Consequently, because furniture with a royal provenance – and especially furniture that was made for Versailles – is a highly sought-after commodity on the international market, the museum has spent considerable funds on retrieving much of the palace's original furnishings.[124]

21st century

In 2003, a new restoration initiative – the "Grand Versailles" project – was started, which began with the replanting of the gardens, which had lost over 10,000 trees during Cyclone Lothar on 26 December 1999. One part of the initiative, the restoration of the Hall of Mirrors, was completed in 2006.[125] Another major project was the further restoration of the backstage areas of the Royal Opera of Versailles in 2007 to 2009.[82]

The Palace of Versailles is currently owned by the French state. Its formal title is the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles. Since 1995, it has been run as a Public Establishment, with an independent administration and management supervised by the French Ministry of Culture.[126]

The grounds of the palace will host the equestrian competition during the 2024 Summer Olympics.[127]

^ Spawforth 2008, p. 2. ^ a b c Ayers 2004, p. 333. ^ Spawforth 2008, pp. 1–2. ^ Hoog 1996, p. 369. ^ a b City of Versailles: History. ^ a b Jones 2018, p. 12. ^ a b Spawforth 2008, p. 1. ^ Jones 2018, p. 15. ^ a b Walton 1986, p. 53. ^ Jones 2018, pp. 15–16. ^ a b c Berger 1994, p. 53. ^ a b c Jones 2018, p. 16. ^ Spawforth 2008, p. 3. ^ a b c d e f Palace of Versailles: History. ^ Bohanan 2001, p. 58. ^ Jones 2018, p. 17. ^ Bohanan 2001, pp. 58, 60, 66. ^ Spawforth 2008, p. 26. ^ a b c Bohanan 2001, p. 66. ^ a b Berger 1994, p. 18. ^ a b Jones 2018, p. 25. ^ Hoog 1996, pp. 369–70. ^ a b Spawforth 2008, pp. 4–5. ^ Bonney 2007, p. 223. ^ a b c Blanning 2002, p. 33. ^ a b Jones 2018, p. 19. ^ Palace of Versailles: Charles Le Brun. ^ Berger 1994, pp. 18–19. ^ Walton 1986, p. 41. ^ Blanning 2002, p. 40. ^ Walton 1986, p. 42. ^ Bonney 2007, pp. 208–10. ^ Spawforth 2008, p. 5. ^ a b Blanning 2002, p. 36. ^ Berger 1994, p. 20. ^ a b Spawforth 2008, p. 9. ^ Walton 1986, p. 35. ^ Berger 1994, p. 25. ^ Walton 1986, pp. 55–63. ^ Spawforth 2008, p. 4. ^ a b Ayers 2004, p. 334. ^ Berger 1994, p. 54. ^ a b c d Spawforth 2008, p. 6. ^ a b c d Walton 1986, p. 67. ^ Walton 1986, pp. 62–63, 69. ^ Berger 1994, p. 61. ^ Berger 1994, pp. 61, 64. ^ Ayers 2004, pp. 334–35. ^ Berger 1994, p. 64. ^ a b c d e Hoog 1996, p. 370. ^ a b Spawforth 2008, p. 7. ^ Jones 2018, p. 24. ^ a b c Spawforth 2008, pp. 7–8. ^ Berger 1994, p. 22. ^ Berger 1985, p. 22. ^ Walton 1986, p. 91. ^ Jones 2018, p. 22. ^ Walton 1986, p. 38. ^ Jones 2018, pp. 27–28. ^ a b c d Walton 1986, pp. 50–51. ^ Spawforth 2008, pp. 9, 11. ^ Walton 1986, p. 93. ^ Berger 1994, pp. 86–87, 113. ^ a b Spawforth 2008, p. 18. ^ Berger 1994, p. 115. ^ Jones 2018, p. 35. ^ a b Palace of Versailles: Capital. ^ Berger 1994, p. 114. ^ Palace of Versailles: Royal Stables. ^ Palace of Versailles: Grand Commun. ^ Spawforth 2008, pp. 10–11. ^ Jones 2018, p. 43. ^ Walton 1986, p. 51. ^ a b Jones 2018, p. 52. ^ a b Doyle 2001, p. 190. ^ Walton 1986, pp. 51–52. ^ Spawforth 2008, pp. 17–19. ^ Jones 2018, p. 53. ^ Jones 2018, p. 59–60, 65. ^ Spawforth 2008, pp. 20–21. ^ a b Spawforth 2008, p. 21. ^ a b c Palace of Versailles: Royal Opera. ^ a b Jones 2018, p. 61. ^ Spawforth 2008, pp. 21–24. ^ Spawforth 2008, p. 24. ^ Blanning 2002, pp. 33–40. ^ a b Bohanan 2001, pp. 61–64. ^ Blanning 2002, p. 49. ^ Walton 1986, pp. 57, 59. ^ Jones 2018, p. 26. ^ Bohanan 2001, p. 62. ^ a b c Jones 2018, p. 42. ^ a b c Doyle 2001, p. 173. ^ Spawforth 2008, p. 14. ^ Spawforth 2008, p. 15. ^ Blanning 2002, pp. 31–34, 40. ^ Bohanan 2001, pp. 62, 64. ^ Swann 2001, pp. 143, 145. ^ Palace of Versailles: Reception of the Doge of Genoa. ^ Palace of Versailles: Reception of the Ambassador of Siam. ^ Palace of Versailles: Reception of the Ambassadors of Persia. ^ a b Palace of Versailles: Death of Louis XIV. ^ Jones 2018, p. 57. ^ Spawforth 2008, p. 20. ^ Jones 2018, p. 58. ^ Swann 2001, p. 201. ^ Doyle 2001, p. 91. ^ "Visit from the child Mozart (1763-1764)". The Palace of Versailles. Retrieved 10 July 2023. ^ "The Treaty of Paris". www.constitutionfacts.com. ^ Lacaille 2012, pp. 16–17. ^ Lacaille 2012, p. 18. ^ Heitzmann, Annick; Didier, Frédéric (2007). "La Grille et la Cour royales". Versalia. Revue de la Société des Amis de Versailles. 10: 26–43. doi:10.3406/versa.2007.871. Retrieved 7 June 2023. ^ Maral, Alexandre (24 October 2018). Octobre 1789: Versailles déserté. Retrieved 7 June 2023. ^ a b Lacaille 2012, p. 19. ^ Spawforth 2008, p. 244. ^ Hoog 1996, pp. 369–374. ^ "Visit of Queen Victoria, 1855". Palace of Versailles. 22 November 2016. ^ Lacaille 2012, p. 12. ^ Lacaille 2012, p. 20. ^ Lacaille 2012, p. 13. ^ Iverson, Jeffrey, France Today, 19 July 2014 ^ "1957 – XXth century – Over the centuries – Versailles 3d". www.versailles3d.com. ^ "Versailles Palace Is Damaged By Bomb". The New York Times. 26 June 1978. Retrieved 10 April 2020. ^ Kemp 1976, p. 135–137 ^ Leloup, Michèle (7 September 2006). "Versailles en grande toilette". L'Express (in French). Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2021. ^ Site of the Public Establishment of the Chateau of Versailles (en.chateauversailles.fr) ^ "Château de Versailles". Paris 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2022.


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