Kokand (Uzbek: Qo‘qon/Қўқон/قوقان, pronounced [qoqɒn]; Russian: Кока́нд; Persian: خوقند, romanized: Xuqand; Kazakh: Қоқан, romanized: Qoqan; Chagatay: خوقند, romanized: Xuqand; Kyrgyz: Кокон, romanized: Kokon) is a city in Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan, at the southwestern edge of the Fergana Valley. Administratively, Kokand is a district-level city, that includes the urban-typ...Read more

Kokand (Uzbek: Qo‘qon/Қўқон/قوقان, pronounced [qoqɒn]; Russian: Кока́нд; Persian: خوقند, romanized: Xuqand; Kazakh: Қоқан, romanized: Qoqan; Chagatay: خوقند, romanized: Xuqand; Kyrgyz: Кокон, romanized: Kokon) is a city in Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan, at the southwestern edge of the Fergana Valley. Administratively, Kokand is a district-level city, that includes the urban-type settlement Muqimiy. The population of Kokand as of 2022 was approximately 259,700. The city lies 228 km (142 mi) southeast of Tashkent, 115 km (71 mi) west of Andijan, and 88 km (55 mi) west of Fergana. It is nicknamed "City of Winds". In 1877 when the first ethnographic works were done under the new imperial Russian administration, Khoqand/Kokand was reported and visually depicted on their maps as Tajik inhabited oasis (C.E de Ujfalvy (“Carte Ethnographique du Ferghanah, 1877”). The city and the entire eastern 3/4 of the Fergana Valley were including in Uzbekistan in the 1920s and Stalin's dictates of political borders.

Kokand is at the crossroads of the two main ancient trade routes into the Fergana Valley, one leading northwest over the mountains to Tashkent, and the other west through Khujand. As a result, Kokand is the main transportation junction in the Fergana Valley.

The town of Kokand is one of the oldest towns in Uzbekistan and is situated in the western part of Fergana Valley. In the chronicles of the 10th century, the first written documents concerning town of Hukande, Havokande (old names of the town). In the 13th century, like most of Central Asian towns, the Mongols ruined the city. The town is a significant hub for trading on the Silk Route.[1][1]

Kokand has existed since at least the 10th century, under the name of Khavakand, and was frequently mentioned in traveler's accounts of the caravan route between South Asia and East Asia. The Han Dynasty of China conquered the entire city in the 1st century BC. Later, the Arabs conquered the region from Tang Empire. The Mongols destroyed Kokand in the 13th century.

The present city began as a fort in 1732 on the site of another older fortress called Eski-Kurgan. In 1740, it became the capital of an Uzbek kingdom, the Khanate of Kokand, which reached as far as Kyzylorda to the west and Bishkek to the northeast. Kokand was also the major religious center of the Fergana Valley, boasting more than 300 mosques.

Imperial forces of Russian Empire under Mikhail Skobelev captured the city in 1883 which then became part of Russian Turkistan. During World War I, two revolutions happened in the Russian Empire. it was the capital of the short-lived (72 days) (1917–18) anti-Bolshevik Provisional Government of Autonomous Turkistan (also known as Kokand Autonomy).[2] They sought co-operation from Ataman Dutov and Alash Orda. However, their emissary to the Amir of Bukhara achieved little.

In September 1918, the Bolsheviks burned down the city and massacred over ten thousand citizens.[3][4][failed verification]

In the state of Dayuan

Archaeological research of Muyi Mubarak, Tepakurgan, Eski Kurgan and other monuments located in the city of Kokand revealed traces of civilization.

In Muyi Mubarak were found several clay shards of the 5th to 6th centuries; a clay platform, which in the 5th to 7th centuries served as the base of a monumental building; the remains of a fortress wall, built in the 1st to 2nd centuries of pahsa and mudbricks, which functioned for more than 400 years. At a depth of 5 meters, a lower cultural layer with materials dating back 2,000 years was discovered.

In Tepakurgan, located in the center of the city, a platform from the Early Middle Ages, which served as the base of a monumental castle with semicircular towers, was discovered, as in Muyi Mubarak.

The obtained artifacts give grounds to say and speculate that not later than the 7th century BC a certain part of the territory of the present city was developed for irrigated agriculture.

And the city appeared not later than the 2nd half of the 2nd century BC and was the center of the Sokh oasis, that is, the capital of the regional possession, which was part of the confederal state of Fergana ("Dayuan" of Chinese annals).

Havokand or Hokand

Arab geographers and travelers of the 10th century, Al-Istakhri and Ibn Haukal mention the city of Khovakand or Khokand, which in distance corresponds to the present Kokand.

According to written sources and local legends, there were ancient cities of Akhsikath, Kubo (Quva), Rishton, Osh, Bab (Pop), Koson (Kashan), Mo-ar-gilon (Margilan), Andigan (Andijan), Uzgen, Isfara, Varukh, Sokh, Konibodom and Khujand in Fergana already at the time of its conquest by Arabs who established Islam here (in the beginning of 8th century).

Arab travelers of the X century mention many other towns and generally notice that, besides towns, there were many large villages in Fergana.

Havokand or Hokand, located on the Silk Road between India and China on one side and Persia and the Near East on the other, may have been a major trade center of its time. It was destroyed by the mongolic peoples in the 13th century.[5][6]

^ "Kokand, Uzbekistan". Retrieved January 30, 2021. ^ The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia by Adeeb Khalid, Oxford University Press, 2000 ^ Kotkin, Stephen (2014). Stalin: Paradox of Power, 1878-1928. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 253–255. ISBN 9780698170100. ^ Rosenberger, Nancy R. (2011). Seeking Food Rights: Nation, Inequality and Repression in Uzbekistan. Cengage. pp. 34–36. ISBN 9781133386520. ^ "Исторические и архитектурные памятники Коканда :: Архитектурные памятники и ансамбли Коканда". www.orexca.com. Retrieved 2023-11-01. ^ "Коканд". Archived from the original on 2009-12-27.
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