Hyde Park, London

Hyde Park is a 350 acres (140 ha), historic Grade I-listed urban park in Westminster, Greater London. A Royal Park, it is the largest of the parks and green spaces that form a chain from Kensington Palace through Kensington Gardens and Hyde Park, via Hyde Park Corner and Green Park, past Buckingham Palace to St James's Park. Hyde Park is divided by the Serpentine and the Long Water lakes.

The park was established by Henry VIII in 1536 when he took the land from Westminster Abbey and used it as a hunting ground. It opened to the public in 1637 and quickly became popular, particularly for May Day parades. Major improvements occurred in the early 18th century under the direction of Queen Caroline. The park also became a place for duels during this time, often involving members of the nobility. In the 19th century, The Great Exhibition of 1851 was held in the park, for which The Crystal Palace, designed by Joseph Paxton, was erected.

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Hyde Park is a 350 acres (140 ha), historic Grade I-listed urban park in Westminster, Greater London. A Royal Park, it is the largest of the parks and green spaces that form a chain from Kensington Palace through Kensington Gardens and Hyde Park, via Hyde Park Corner and Green Park, past Buckingham Palace to St James's Park. Hyde Park is divided by the Serpentine and the Long Water lakes.

The park was established by Henry VIII in 1536 when he took the land from Westminster Abbey and used it as a hunting ground. It opened to the public in 1637 and quickly became popular, particularly for May Day parades. Major improvements occurred in the early 18th century under the direction of Queen Caroline. The park also became a place for duels during this time, often involving members of the nobility. In the 19th century, The Great Exhibition of 1851 was held in the park, for which The Crystal Palace, designed by Joseph Paxton, was erected.

Free speech and demonstrations have been a key feature of Hyde Park since the 19th century. Speakers' Corner has been established as a point of free speech and debate since 1872, while the Chartists, the Reform League, the suffragettes, and the Stop the War Coalition have all held protests there. In the late 20th century, the park was known for holding large-scale free rock music concerts, featuring groups such as Pink Floyd, The Rolling Stones and Queen. Major events in the park have continued into the 21st century, such as Live 8 in 2005, and the annual Hyde Park Winter Wonderland from 2007.

Early history

The park's name comes from the Manor of Hyde, which was the northeast sub-division of the manor of Eia (the other two sub-divisions were Ebury and Neyte) and appears as such in the Domesday Book.[1] The name is believed to be of Saxon origin, and means a unit of land, the hide, that was appropriate for the support of a single family and dependents.[2] Through the Middle Ages, it was property of Westminster Abbey, and the woods in the manor were used both for firewood and shelter for game.[1]

16th–17th centuries

Hyde Park was created for hunting by Henry Vlll in 1536 after he acquired the manor of Hyde from the Abbey.[3] It was enclosed as a deer park and remained a private hunting ground until James I permitted limited access to gentlefolk,[4] appointing a ranger to take charge. Charles I created the Ring (north of the present Serpentine boathouses), and in 1637 he opened the park to the general public.[5] It quickly became a popular gathering place, particularly for May Day celebrations. At the start of the English Civil War in 1642, a series of fortifications were built along the east side of the park, including forts at what is now Marble Arch, Mount Street and Hyde Park Corner. The latter included a strongpoint where visitors to London could be checked and vetted.[6]

In 1652, during the Interregnum, Parliament ordered the then 620-acre (250 ha) park to be sold for "ready money". It realised £17,000 with an additional £765 6s 2d for the resident deer.[7][8] Following the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, Charles II retook ownership of Hyde Park and enclosed it in a brick wall. He restocked deer in what is now Buck Hill in Kensington Gardens. The May Day parade continued to be a popular event; Samuel Pepys took part in the park's celebrations in 1663 while attempting to gain the King's favour.[9] During the Great Plague of London in 1665, Hyde Park was used as a military camp.[6]

18th century  The Hamilton–Mohun Duel of 1712. Charles Mohun, 4th Baron Mohun, fighting James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton, in Hyde Park; both lost their lives.

In 1689, William III moved his residence to Kensington Palace on the far side of Hyde Park and had a drive laid out across its southern edge which was known as the King's Private Road. The drive is still in existence as a wide straight gravelled carriage track leading west from Hyde Park Corner across the southern boundary of Hyde Park towards Kensington Palace and now known as Rotten Row, possibly a corruption of rotteran (to muster),[1] Ratten Row (roundabout way), Route du roi, or rotten (the soft material with which the road is covered).[10] It is believed to be the first road in London to be lit at night, which was done to deter highwaymen. In 1749, Horace Walpole was robbed while travelling through the park from Holland House.[11] The row was used by the wealthy for riding in the early 19th century.[12]

Hyde Park was a popular duelling spot during the 18th century, with 172 taking place, causing 63 deaths.[13] The Hamilton–Mohun Duel took place there in 1712, when Charles Mohun, 4th Baron Mohun, fought James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton. Baron Mohun was killed instantly, and the Duke died shortly afterwards. John Wilkes fought Samuel Martin in 1772, the year in which Richard Brinsley Sheridan duelled with Captain Thomas Mathews over the latter's libellous comments about Sheridan's fiancée, Elizabeth Ann Linley. Edward Thurlow, 1st Baron Thurlow, fought Andrew Stuart in a Hyde Park duel in 1770.[11] Military executions were common in Hyde Park at this time; John Rocque's Map of London, 1746, marks a point inside the park, close to the Tyburn gallows, as "where soldiers are shot."[14][a]

 Hyde Park c. 1833: Rotten Row is "The King's Private Road"

The first coherent landscaping in Hyde Park began in 1726. It was undertaken by Charles Bridgeman for King George I; after the king's death in 1727, it continued with approval of his daughter-in-law, Queen Caroline.[11][16] Work was supervised by Charles Withers, the Surveyor-General of Woods and Forests, and divided Hyde Park, creating Kensington Gardens.[17][b] The Serpentine was formed by damming the River Westbourne, which runs through the park from Kilburn towards the Thames. It is divided from the Long Water by a bridge designed by George Rennie in 1826.[11]

The work was completed in 1733. The 2nd Viscount Weymouth was made Ranger of Hyde Park in 1739 and shortly after began digging the Serpentine lakes at Longleat.[18] A powder magazine was built north of the Serpentine in 1805.[11]

19th–21st centuries  Hyde Park, 1890, by Camille Pissarro, showing the footpath along the southern bank of the Serpentine

Hyde Park hosted a Great Fair in the summer of 1814 to celebrate the Allied sovereigns' visit to England, and exhibited various stalls and shows. The Battle of Trafalgar was re-enacted on the Serpentine, with a band playing the National Anthem while the French fleet sank into the lake. The coronation of King George IV in 1821 was celebrated with a fair in the park, including an air balloon and firework displays.[11]

One of the most important events to take place in Hyde Park was the Great Exhibition of 1851. The Crystal Palace was constructed on the south side of the park.[11] The public did not want the building to remain after the closure of the exhibition, and its architect, Joseph Paxton, raised funds and purchased it. He had it moved to Sydenham Hill in South London.[19] Another significant event was the first Victoria Cross investiture, on 26 June 1857, when 62 men were decorated by Queen Victoria in the presence of Prince Albert and other members of the Royal Family, including their future son-in-law Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia.[20]

The Hyde Park Lido sits on the south bank of the Serpentine. It opened in 1930 to provide improved support for bathing and sunbathing in the park, which had been requested by the naturist group, the Sunlight League. The Lido and accompanying Pavilion was designed by the Commissioner of Works, George Lansbury, and was half funded by a £5,000 (now equivalent to £336,000) donation from Major Colin Cooper (1892–1938). It still sees regular use in the summer.[21][22]

Hyde Park has been a major venue for several Royal jubilees and celebrations. For the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887, a party was organised on 22 June where around 26,000 school children were given a free meal as a gift. The Queen and the Prince of Wales made an unexpected appearance at the event. Victoria remained fond of Hyde Park in the final years of her life and often drove there twice a day.[23] As part of the Queen's Silver Jubilee in 1977, a Jubilee Exhibition was set up in Hyde Park,[22] with the Queen and Prince Philip visiting on 30 June.[24] In 2012, a major festival took place in the park as part of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations.[25] On 6 February, the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery, fired a 41-gun Royal Salute at Hyde Park Corner.[26]

 The Winter Wonderland festival has been a popular Christmas event in Hyde Park since 2007.

On 20 July 1982, a Provisional Irish Republican Army bomb killed four soldiers and seven horses.[27] A memorial was constructed to the left of the Albert Gate to commemorate the soldiers and horses killed in the blast.[28]

Since 2007, Hyde Park has played host to the annual Winter Wonderland event, which features numerous Christmas-themed markets, along with various rides and attractions, alongside bars and restaurants. It has become one of the largest Christmas events in Europe, having attracted over 14 million visitors as of 2016,[29] and has expanded to include the largest ice rink in London, live entertainment and circuses.[30]

On 18 September 2010, Hyde Park was the setting for a prayer vigil with Pope Benedict XVI as part of his visit to the United Kingdom, attended by around 80,000 people. A large crowd assembled along the Mall to see the Pope arrive for his address.[31][32] An attempt to assassinate the Pope had been foiled after five people dressed as street cleaners were spotted within a mile of Hyde Park, and arrested along with a sixth suspect.[33] They were later released without charge as police said they posed no credible threat.[34]

^ a b c Walford, Edward (1878). Hyde Park. Vol. 4. London. pp. 375–405. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "Hyde". Dictionary of British Place Names. Oxford University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-191-73944-6. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. ^ Self 2014, p. 28. ^ Humphreys & Bamber 2003, p. 284. ^ Porter 2000, p. 279. ^ a b Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 423. ^ Timbs, John (1855). Curiosities of London: Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis. D. Bogue. p. 644. Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. ^ "House of Commons Journal Volume 7: 27 November 1652". British History Online. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2017. ^ Weinreb et al. 2008, pp. 423–424. ^ E Cobham Brewer. 'Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Henry Altemus, 1898; Bartleby.com, 2000. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2009. ^ a b c d e f g Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 424. ^ Dunton, Larkin (1894). The World and its People. Silver, Burdett. p. 30. ^ Rabbitts 2015, p. 49. ^ Rabbitts 2015, p. 37. ^ John Rocque's Map of London (Map). 1746. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. ^ Rabbitts 2015, p. 112. ^ Rabbitts 2015, p. 40. ^ Timothy Mowl, "Rococo and Later Landscaping at Longleat", Garden History 23.1 (Summer 1995, pp. 56–66) p. 59, noting Jacob Larwood, The Story of London Parks 1881:41. ^ Purbrick, Louise: The Great Exhibition of 1851: New Interdisciplinary Essays: 2001: Manchester University Press, p. 122 ^ Crook, M. J. (1975). The Evolution of the Victoria Cross. Midas Books. pp. 49–52.. ^ Rabbitts 2015, p. 137. ^ a b "Hyde Park History & Architecture". The Royal Parks. 2007. Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2007. ^ Rabbitts 2015, p. 91. ^ "Court Circular". The Times. London, England. 1 July 1977. p. 20. Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2017. ^ "Sainsbury's announces Jubilee Family Festival". Royal Parks. 17 February 2012. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017. ^ "Gun salutes mark Queen's Diamond Jubilee". The Daily Telegraphy. 6 February 2012. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017. ^ "1982: IRA bombs cause carnage in London". BBC News. 20 July 1982. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014. ^ Rabbitts 2015, pp. 137–138. ^ "Hyde Park Winter Wonderland". PWR Events. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016. ^ Addison, Harriet (26 November 2011). "Get your skates on this weekend". The Times. London, England. p. 3 [S1]. Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2017. ^ "Pope tells Hyde Park crowd that 'they too suffer for their faith'". The Guardian. 18 September 2010. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017. ^ Owen, Richard (20 September 2010). "Not bad for a man maligned as a Teutonic hardliner". The Times. London, England. p. 8. Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2017. ^ Brown, David; Gledhill, Ruth; Fresco, Adam (18 September 2010). "Pope's rallying cry". The Times. London, England. p. 1. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2017. ^ "Pope 'plotter' still traumatised". BBC News. 19 April 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2020.


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