मोढेरा सूर्य मंदिर

( Sun Temple, Modhera )

The Sun Temple of Modhera is a Hindu temple dedicated to the solar deity Surya located at Modhera village of Mehsana district, Gujarat, India. It is situated on the bank of the river Pushpavati. It was built after 1026-27 CE during the reign of Bhima I of the Chaulukya dynasty. No worship is offered now and is protected monument maintained by Archaeological Survey of India. The temple complex has three components: Gūḍhamanḍapa, the shrine hall; Sabhamanḍapa, the assembly hall and Kunḍa, the reservoir. The halls have intricately carved exterior and pillars. The reservoir has steps to reach the bottom and numerous small shrines.

The shrine proper of the Sun Temple was built during the reign of Bhima I of Chaulukya dynasty.[A][1][2][3][4] Earlier, during 1024–1025, Mahmud of Ghazni had invaded Bhima's kingdom, and a force of around 20,000 soldiers had unsuccessfully tried to check his advance at Modhera. Historian A. K. Majumdar theorizes that the Sun Temple might have been built to commemorate this defense.[5] On a block in western wall of cella, there is an inscription "Vikram Samvat 1083" upside down carelessly incised in Devnagari script which correspond to 1026-1027 CE. No other date is found. As the inscription is upside down, it evidences the destruction and reconstruction of the cella. Due to the position of the inscription, it is not firmly considered as the date of construction. On the stylistic ground, it is known that the Kunda with its corner shrines was built earlier at the beginning of the 11th century. The inscription is considered as the date of destruction by Ghazni instead of the construction. Soon after Bhima had returned to power. So the temple proper, the miniature and the niche shrines in the tank were built shortly after 1026 CE. The dancing hall was added much later in the third quarter of the 12th century along with the gateways, the porch of the temple proper and the doorframes of the temple and the cella during the reign of the Karna.[6]

The temple is built on 23.6° latitude (approximately near Tropic of Cancer).[B][8][9][10][11] The place was later known as Sita ni Chauri and Ramkund locally.[C][12] No worship is offered here now.[3] The temple is the Monument of National Importance and is maintained by the Archeological Survey of India.

It was added to the tentative list of the UNESCO World Heritage Site in December 2022.[13]


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^ Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia (1941). The Archaeology of Gujarat: Including Kathiawar. Natwarlal & Company. pp. 70, 84–91.[permanent dead link] ^ "Sun-Temple at Modhera (Gujarat)". Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016. ^ a b Subodh Kapoor (2002). The Indian Encyclopaedia: Meya-National Congress. Cosmo Publications. pp. 4871–4872. ISBN 978-81-7755-273-7. ^ Sastri, Hirananda (November 1936). Annual Report of the Director of Archaeology, Baroda State, 1934-35. Baroda: Oriental Research Institute. pp. 8–9. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1956). Chaulukyas of Gujarat. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 45. OCLC 4413150. ^ Lobo, Wibke (1982). The Sun Temple at Modhera: A Monograph on Architecture and Iconography. Verlag C.H. Beck. p. 32. ISBN 978-3-406-08732-5. ^ Montana State University: Milankovitch Cycles & Glaciation Archived 6 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ Cite error: The named reference BhatnagarLivingston2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page). ^ Brajesh Kumar (2003). Pilgrimage Centres of India. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 163. ISBN 978-81-7182-185-3. ^ Rajiv Rastogi; Sanjiv Rastogi (1 January 2009). Surya Namaskar. Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-81-8430-027-7. ^ S. B. Bhattacherje (1 May 2009). Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. A24. ISBN 978-81-207-4074-7. ^ a b Wibke Lobo (1982). The Sun Temple at Modhera: A Monograph on Architecture and Iconography. C.H. Beck. p. 2. ISBN 978-3-406-08732-5. ^ Bureau, The Hindu (20 December 2022). "Vadnagar town, Modhera Sun Temple, Unakoti sculptures added to UNESCO's tentative list of World Heritage Sites". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
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