Downtown Los Angeles

Downtown Los Angeles (DTLA) contains the central business district of Los Angeles. In addition, it contains a diverse residential area of some 85,000 people, and covers 5.84 sq mi (15.1 km2). A 2013 study found that the district is home to over 500,000 jobs. It is also part of Central Los Angeles.

Downtown Los Angeles is divided into neighborhoods and districts, some overlapping. Most districts are named for the activities concentrated there now or historically, e.g. the Arts, Civic Center, Fashion, Banking, Theater, Toy, and Jewelry districts. It is the hub for the city's urban rail transit system plus the Pacific Surfliner and Metrolink commuter rail system for Southern California.

Banks, department stores, and movie palaces at one time drew residents and visitors of all socioeconomic classes downtown, but the area declined economically, especially after the 1950s. It remained an important center—in the Civic Cen...Read more

Downtown Los Angeles (DTLA) contains the central business district of Los Angeles. In addition, it contains a diverse residential area of some 85,000 people, and covers 5.84 sq mi (15.1 km2). A 2013 study found that the district is home to over 500,000 jobs. It is also part of Central Los Angeles.

Downtown Los Angeles is divided into neighborhoods and districts, some overlapping. Most districts are named for the activities concentrated there now or historically, e.g. the Arts, Civic Center, Fashion, Banking, Theater, Toy, and Jewelry districts. It is the hub for the city's urban rail transit system plus the Pacific Surfliner and Metrolink commuter rail system for Southern California.

Banks, department stores, and movie palaces at one time drew residents and visitors of all socioeconomic classes downtown, but the area declined economically, especially after the 1950s. It remained an important center—in the Civic Center, of government business; on Bunker Hill, of banking, and along Broadway, of retail and entertainment for Hispanic Angelenos, especially immigrants. Now Downtown has been experiencing a renaissance that started in the early 2000s. The Crypto.com Arena anchors downtown's south end, and along Broadway, pre-war buildings are being restored for new uses, such as luxury condos, co-working spaces, and high-end retail.

The Tongva village of Yaanga was located in what is now downtown Los Angeles, possibly near or underneath where the Bella Union Hotel was located (now Fletcher Bowron Square).[1][2]

Spanish and Mexican era

Father Juan Crespí, a Spanish Franciscan missionary charged with exploring sites for Catholic missions in California, noted in 1769 that the region had "all the requisites for a large settlement".[3] On September 4, 1781, Los Angeles was founded by a group of settlers who trekked north from present-day Mexico. Like most urban centers in the Spanish Empire, the town grew in a grid-like street pattern around a central plaza which faced the first church. The area passed to American control in 1847,[4] and the small town grew to 11,000 by 1880,[5] The business district was centered along Main Street between the Plaza and First Street.[6][7]

Victorian-era Downtown  1894 drawing of the Victorian-era business district, now the eastern half of the Civic Center district. Looking northeast on Spring Street from First Street, 1880s. Asher Hamburger's Peoples Store at the center. Towers of the Baker Block are visible in the distance.

Land speculation increased in the 1880s, which saw the population of the city explode from 11,000 in 1880 to nearly 100,000 by 1896.[8] Infrastructure enhancements and the laying of a street grid eventually brought development south of the Plaza: Victorian Downtown Los Angeles in the 1800s and 1890s along Main, Spring and Broadway south to Third Street – all of which were razed to make way for today's Civic Center. After 1900, larger buildings were constructed along Broadway and Spring from Third to Ninth streets in what is now called the Historic Core.

Downtown's golden age

By 1920, the city's private and municipal rail lines were the most far-flung and most comprehensive in the world in mileage, even besting that of New York City. By this time, a steady influx of residents and aggressive land developers had transformed the city into a large metropolitan area, with DTLA at its center. Rail lines connected four counties with over 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of track.[9]

During the early part of the 20th century, banking institutions clustered around South Spring Street, forming the Spring Street Financial District. Sometimes referred to as the "Wall Street of the West,"[10] the district held corporate headquarters for financial institutions including Bank of America, Farmers and Merchants Bank, the Crocker National Bank, California Bank & Trust, and International Savings & Exchange Bank. The Los Angeles Stock Exchange was also located on the corridor from 1929 until 1986 before moving into a new building across the Harbor (110) Freeway.[11]

Commercial growth brought with it hotel construction—during this time period several grand hotels, the Alexandria (1906), the Rosslyn (1911), and the Biltmore (1923), were erected—and also the need for venues to entertain the growing population of Los Angeles. Broadway became the nightlife, shopping and entertainment district of the city, with over a dozen theater and movie palaces built before 1932.

Department stores, most that had grown from local dry goods businesses, moved from Spring and Main streets around Temple and 1st, to much larger stores along Broadway, including The Broadway, Hamburger's, which became May Co., Robinson's, Bullock's, Coulter's, Desmond's, Silverwoods, Harris & Frank, and the Fifth Street Store/Walker's, serving a variety of socioeconomic groups from across the city and suburbs. All but Coulter's would, in the 1920s–1950s, launch branches dotting shopping centers across a growing Southern California. Numerous specialty stores also flourished including those in the jewelry business which gave rise to the Downtown Jewelry District. Among these early jewelers included the Laykin Diamond Company (later becoming Laykin et Cie [1]) and Harry Winston & Co., both of which found their beginnings in the Hotel Alexandria at Fifth and Spring streets.

The Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal (Union Station) opened in May 1939, unifying passenger service among various local, regional, and long-distance passenger trains. It was built on a grand scale and would be one of the "last of the great railway stations" built in the United States.[citation needed]

Decline and redevelopment  Angels Flight, November 2008.

Following World War II, suburbanization, the development of the Los Angeles freeway network, and increased automobile ownership led to decreased investment downtown. Many corporate headquarters slowly dispersed to new suburbs or fell to mergers and acquisitions. As early as the 1920s once-stately Victorian mansions on Bunker Hill were dilapidated, serving as rooming houses for 20,000 working-class Angelenos.[12]

From about 1930 onward, numerous more-than-100-year-old buildings in the Plaza area were demolished to make way for street-level parking lots, the high demand for parking making this more profitable than any other options allowing preservation. The drastic loss of local downtown residents further reduced the viability of streetfront, pedestrian-oriented businesses. For middle- and upper-income Angelenos, downtown became a drive-in, drive-out destination.[citation needed]

In an effort to combat blight and lure businesses back downtown, the city's Community Redevelopment Agency undertook the Bunker Hill Redevelopment Project in 1955, a massive clearance project that leveled homes and cleared land for future commercial skyscraper development. This period saw the clearing and upzoning of the entire neighborhood, as well as the shuttering of the Angels Flight funicular railway in 1969. Angels Flight resumed operation in 1996 for a period of five years, shutting down once again after a fatal accident in 2001. On March 15, 2010, the railway once again opened for passenger service following extensive upgrades to brake and safety systems.[citation needed]

With Class A office space becoming available on Bunker Hill, many of DTLA's remaining financial corporations moved to the newer buildings, leaving the former Spring Street Financial District devoid of tenants above ground floor. Following the corporate headquarters' moving six blocks west, the large department stores on Broadway shuttered, culminating in the 1980s.[citation needed]

The Broadway theaters saw much use as Spanish-language movie houses during this time, beginning with the conversion of the Million Dollar Theater in the 1950s to a Spanish-language theater.[13]

Recent years  The Wilshire Grand Center in DTLA is the tallest building in the U.S. west of the Mississippi River at (1,099 feet or 335 meters). It is also the tallest building in the state of California. Griffith Observatory overlooking DTLA. Union Station. The Last Bookstore, which was founded in 2005.

In the early 2000s, the neighborhood became popular with Artists and Creatives due to low rent, open loft space, and many vacancies. In mid-2013, downtown was noted as "a neighborhood with an increasingly hip and well-heeled residential population".[14]

Because of the downtown area's office market's migration west to Bunker Hill and the Financial District, many historic office buildings have been left intact, which is simply used for storage or remaining empty during recent decades. In 1999, the Los Angeles City Council passed an adaptive reuse ordinance, making it easier for developers to convert outmoded, vacant office and commercial buildings into renovated lofts and luxury apartment and condo complexes.

As of early 2009, 14,561 residential units[15] have been created under the adaptive reuse ordinance, leading to an increase in the residential population. With 28,878 residents in 2006,[16] 39,537 in 2008,[17] and over 60,000 in 2017,[18] Downtown Los Angeles is seeing new life and investment.[19]

Crypto.com Arena, which opened in 1999, has contributed immensely to the revitalization plans, adding 250 events and nearly 4 million visitors per year to the neighborhood.[20] Since the opening of the Staples Center, the adjacent L.A. Live complex was completed, which includes the Microsoft Theatre and the Grammy Museum. Los Angeles Metro Rail, a rail transit network centered on the downtown area, facilitates access to the city center, especially from the congested West Side. Real estate developers and investors planned a $1.8 billion revitalization project along Grand Avenue, which included the development of Grand Park, a large city park,[21] and the construction of major city landmarks, including the Frank Gehry-designed Walt Disney Concert Hall and contemporary art museum The Broad, which opened in 2015. On August 7, 2007, the Los Angeles City Council approved sweeping changes in zoning and development rules for the downtown area.[22] Strongly advocated by Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa, the changes allow larger and denser developments downtown; developers who reserve 15% of their units for low-income residents are now exempt from some open-space requirements and can make their buildings 35% larger than current zoning codes allow.[22] In 2009 Bottega Louie opened on the first floor of the historic Brockman Building on Grand Avenue and Seventh Street. It contributed to the revitalization of DTLA by creating Restaurant Row, which has since brought numerous new restaurants and retail shops to the area.[23] In 2012, the upper 11 floors of the Brockman Building were bought with the intention of being sold as luxury lofts.[24] In October 2015, an outdoor lifestyle center, The Bloc Los Angeles, replaced the old enclosed Macy's Plaza.[citation needed] Several labels of Warner Music moved into the Los Angeles Arts District in 2019 where the company had purchased a former Ford Motor Company assembly plant.[25] Broadway retail is transitioning from a broad mix of stores catering mostly to Hispanic immigrants and a burgeoning sneaker and streetwear retail cluster has emerged from 4th to 9th streets: Sneaker Row.[26] Oceanside Plaza has planned to open in 2020, but was later changed to unknown date due to financial problems and costs.[27]

Multiple Olympic and Paralympic events will be held in DTLA during the 2028 Summer Olympics and Paralympics.[28][29]

After six years of construction, the new Sixth Street Viaduct opened on July 9, 2022 at a cost of $588-million. This new bridge replaced a 1932 viaduct of the same name which was demolished in 2016 due to a fact that it would collapse if there were a major earthquake, and alkali-silica reaction – colloquially known as “concrete cancer.” Pedestrian and bicycle access points link to other projects such as 12 acres of new park space below the viaduct.[30]

^ Greene, Sean; Curwen, Thomas. "Mapping the Tongva villages of L.A.'s past". LA Times. Archived from the original on June 20, 2019. ^ Los Angeles Union Station Run-through Tracks Project: Environmental Impact Statement. United States. Federal Railroad Administration. 2004. pp. 34–35. Archived from the original on September 13, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2023. ^ FATHER CRESPI IN LOS ANGELES, USC Archived July 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ Guinn, James Miller (1902). Historical and biographical record of southern California: containing a history of southern California from its earliest settlement to the opening year of the twentieth century. Chapman pub. co. p. 50. Archived from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2011. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on February 28, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2016. ^ "Los Angeles Fifty Years Ago". Los Angeles Times. November 15, 1931. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020. ^ Newmark, Harris. Sixty Years in Southern California. p. 318. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2020. in 1853…from the street now known as Macy throughout the business part of the city, and as far south as First Street. ^ Downtown History, Downtown Center Business Improvement District Archived August 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Pacific Electric Subway". 2000. Archived from the original on May 3, 2010. ^ Rasmussen, Cecilia (June 11, 2000). "Wall Street of the West Had Its Peaks, Crashes". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. ^ "Salvatore Cartaino Scarpitta, Los Angeles Stock Exchange, bas reliefs". Publicartinla.com. October 29, 1929. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2009. ^ "The Bunker Hill Story: Welfare, Redevelopment, and Housing Crisis in Postwar Los Angeles". Archived from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2020. ^ "Last Remaining Seats". Laconservancy.org. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2009. ^ Pierson, David (July 31, 2013). "Whole Foods to Open Downtown L.A. Store in 2015". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 16, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ "Downtown Los Angeles Housing Information, First Quarter 2009" (PDF). Downtown Center Business Improvement District. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2009. ^ Cara Mia DiMassa, "Downtown L.A. has gained people but lost jobs, report says Archived 2007-05-08 at the Wayback Machine", Los Angeles Times, February 21, 2007. ^ [2] Archived February 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine DowntownLA.com demographic study ^ Scott Beyer, "Downtown L.A. Is America's Most Colorful Neighborhood Archived 2019-09-04 at the Wayback Machine", Forbes, April 28, 2017. ^ "Ordinance brings new life into downtown L.A.'s Main Street". Los Angeles Times. June 11, 2009. Archived from the original on June 14, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ "Facilities, STAPLES Center". AEG Worldwide. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2009. ^ Glaister, Dan (May 27, 2005). "Downtown looks up: Dan Glaister reports on ambitious plans to create a brighter, better and shinier heart of LA". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Archived from the original on August 29, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2012. ^ a b Sharon Bernstein and David Pierson, "L.A. moves toward more N.Y-style downtown Archived 2008-10-07 at the Wayback Machine", Los Angeles Times, August 8, 2007. ^ Regardie, Jon (February 18, 2011). "The Downtowners of Distinction". Los Angeles Downtown News. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2016. ^ Vincent, Roger (April 16, 2012). "New owners turning Brockman Building into apartments". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 26, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ Vincent, Roger (April 7, 2019). "Warner Music turns former Ford assembly plant into Arts District music factory". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019. ^ "Must Reads: Downtown L.A.'s latest retail renaissance? Broadway's burgeoning 'Sneaker Row'". Los Angeles Times. December 8, 2018. Archived from the original on May 20, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2019. ^ "Construction restarting at Oceanwide Plaza as debt soars to $98.6M - Curbed LA". La.curbed.com. March 21, 2019. Archived from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2019. ^ "Assets" (PDF). la24-prod.s3.amazonaws.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2017. ^ Marino, Vivian (March 5, 2019). "Revitalization Projects Reawaken Downtown Los Angeles". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 5, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2019. ^ "New Sixth Street Viaduct to open on July 9". Urbanize LA. June 16, 2022. Archived from the original on June 16, 2022. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
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