Derinkuyu Yeraltı Şehri

( Derinkuyu underground city )

Derinkuyu (Turkish pronunciation: [dɛrˈɪnkuju]) also known as Elengubu, Cappadocian Greek: Μαλακοπή Malakopi; Turkish: Derinkuyu Yeraltı Şehri) is an ancient multi-level underground city near the modern town of Derinkuyu in Nevşehir Province, Turkey, extending to a depth of approximately 85 metres (280 ft). It is large enough to have sheltered as many as 20,000 people together with their livestock and food stores. It is the largest excavated underground city in Turkey and is one of several underground complexes found throughout Cappadocia.

Caves might have been built initially in the soft volcanic rock of the Cappadocia region by the Phrygians in the 8th–7th centuries BC.[1] When the Phrygian language died out in Roman times, replaced with the Greek language,[2] the inhabitants expanded their caverns to deep multiple-level structures adding the chapels and Greek inscriptions.[3][a]

The city at Derinkuyu was fully formed in the Byzantine era, when it was heavily used as protection from Arab Muslims during the Arab–Byzantine wars (780–1180 AD).[3][4][b] The city was connected with another underground city, Kaymakli, through 8–9 kilometers (about 5 miles) of tunnels.[5] Some artifacts discovered in these underground settlements belong to the Middle Byzantine Period, between the 5th and the 10th centuries.[citation needed]

These cities continued to be used by the Christian natives as protection from the Mongolian incursions of Timur in the 14th century.[6][c][7][d]

After the region fell to the Ottomans, the cities were used as refuges (Cappadocian Greek: καταφύγια) by the natives from the Turkish Muslim rulers.[7](p 16)[e]

As late as the 20th century, the local population, Cappadocian Greeks and Armenians, were still using the underground cities to escape periodic persecutions.[7] For example, Richard MacGillivray Dawkins, a Cambridge linguist who conducted research from 1909 to 1911 on the Cappadocian Greek-speaking natives in the area, recorded such an event as having occurred in 1909: "When the news came of the recent massacres at Adana, a great part of the population at Axo took refuge in these underground chambers, and for some nights did not venture to sleep above ground."[3][7]

In 1923, the Christian inhabitants of the region were expelled from Turkey and moved to Greece in the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, whereupon the tunnels were abandoned.[3][8][f][9][g]

In 1963, the tunnels were rediscovered after a resident of the area found a mysterious room behind a wall in his home while renovating. Further digging revealed access to the tunnel network.[10]

In 1969, the site was opened to visitors,[11] with about half of the underground city accessible as of 2016.[citation needed]

^ Yalav-Heckeroth, Feride (21 December 2022). "The story behind the underground cities in Turkey". theculturetrip.com. Retrieved 23 June 2023. ^ Swain, Simon; Adams, J. Maxwell; Janse, Mark (2002). Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language contact and the written word. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 246–266. ISBN 0-19-924506-1. ^ a b c d e Darke, Diana (2011). Eastern Turkey. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-1-84162-339-9. ^ a b Horrocks, Geoffrey C. (2010). Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers. John Wiley & Sons. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-4051-3415-6. ^ Martin, Anthony J. (2017-02-07). The Evolution Underground. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-68177-375-9. ^ a b Kinross, P.B. (1970). Within the Taurus: A journey in asiatic Turkey. J. Murray. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-7195-2038-9. ^ a b c d e f Dawkins, R.McG. (1916). Modern Greek in Asia Minor: A study of dialect of Silly, Cappadocia, and Pharasa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17. Retrieved 25 October 2014. ^ a b Rodley, Lyn (2010). Cave Monasteries of Byzantine Cappadocia. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-15477-2. ^ a b Oberheu, Susanne; Wadenpohl, Michael (2010). Cappadocia. BoD. pp. 270–1. ISBN 978-3-8391-5661-2. ^ "8 Mysterious underground cities". History.com. 2016-12-14. ^ Nývlt, Vladimír; Musílek, Josef; Čejka, Jiří; Stopka, Ondrej (2016-01-01). The study of Derinkuyu underground city in Cappadocia, located in pyroclastic rock materials. World Multidisciplinary Civil Engineering-Architecture-Urban Planning Symposium 2016, WMCAUS 2016. Procedia Engineering. Vol. 161. pp. 2253–2258. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.824. ISSN 1877-7058.


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