Buddhist missionaries from the Mauryan Empire are believed to have been sent by Emperor Ashoka, including Bury Chan or Praya Chanthabury Pasithisak and five Arahanta monks, who brought a sacred relic (believed to be the breastbone) of Buddha and enshrined it into the stupa in the 3rd century BC.[1] The structure was rebuilt in the 13th century as a Khmer temple, which fell into ruin.

In the mid-16th century, King Setthathirat relocated his capital from Luang Prabang to Vientiane and ordered the construction of the temple in 1566.[2] It was constructed about 4 km from the centre of Vientiane, at the end of Pha That Luang Road, and named accordingly.[1] The bases had a length of 69 metres each, and the stupa was 45 metres high, surrounded by 30 smaller stupas.[1]

In 1641, a Dutch envoy of the Dutch East India Company, Gerrit van Wuysthoff, visited Vientiane and was received by King Sourigna Vongsa at the temple, reportedly in a magnificent ceremony. He wrote that he was particularly impressed by the "enormous pyramid...and the top was covered with gold leaf weighing about a thousand pounds".[3] The stupa was repeatedly plundered by the Burmese, Siamese, and Chinese.[2]

Pha That Luang was destroyed by the Thai invasion in 1828, which left it heavily damaged and abandoned. It was not until 1900 that the French restored it to its original design, based on detailed drawings from 1867 by the French architect and explorer Louis Delaporte.[2] However, the first attempt to restore it was unsuccessful, and it had to be redesigned and then reconstructed in the 1930s.[2] During the Franco-Thai War, Pha That Luang was heavily damaged during a Thai air raid. After the end of World War II, it was reconstructed.