Fraser Island: locator map

The island was part of the traditional lands of the Badjala people before European settlement.[1]

Captain James Fraser and his wife, Eliza Fraser, were shipwrecked on the island in 1836. Their ship, the brig Stirling Castle, set sail from Sydney to Singapore with 18 crew and passengers. The ship was holed on coral while travelling through the Great Barrier Reef north of the island.[2] Transferring to two lifeboats, the crew set a course south, attempting to reach the settlement at Moreton Bay (now Brisbane). During this trip in the leaking lifeboats, Captain Fraser's pregnant wife gave birth in water up to her waist; the infant drowned after birth. The Captain's lifeboat was becoming more and more unseaworthy and was soon left behind by the other lifeboat which continued on. The sinking boat and its crew was beached on what was then known as the Great Sandy Island. Whether the survivors died due to disease, hunger, exhaustion or battles with the native population will never be known for sure; most likely a little of all of the above. Captain Fraser died leaving Eliza living among the local peoples. She was rescued 6 weeks later by a convict, John Graham,[3] who had lived in the bush as an escapee and who spoke the Aboriginal language. He was sent from the settlement at Moreton Bay by the authorities there who had heard about Eliza's plight, and negotiated her return.[4] Within 6 months, Eliza had married another sea captain. She moved to England and became a sideshow attraction in Hyde Park telling ever more lurid tales about her experiences with the enslavement of the crew, cannibalism, torture, and murder. As she is known to have told several versions of the story, it is unknown which (if any) version was most accurate.[5][6] She was killed in a carriage accident in Melbourne in 1858 during a visit.[2] Fraser's stories were later disputed.[7]

Butchulla (also known as Batjala, Badtjala, Badjela and Badjala) is the language of the Fraser Coast region, including Fraser Island. Butchulla language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Fraser Coast Regional Council, particularly the towns of Maryborough and Hervey Bay extending south towards Noosa.[8]

Archaeological research and evidence shows that Aboriginal Australians occupied Fraser Island at least 5,000 years ago. There was a permanent population of 400–600 that grew to 2,000–3,000 in the winter months due to abundant seafood resources. The arrival of Europeans in the area was an overwhelming disaster for the Butchulla people. European colonisation in the 1840s destroyed the foundations of Aboriginal life.[9] By 1890, it was reported the permanent Butchulla island population had been reduced to only 300 people.[10] Most of these people were taken off the island in 1904 and relocated to missions in Yarrabah and Durundur, Queensland.[11] It is estimated that up to 500 Indigenous archaeological sites are located on the island.[12]

In October 2014, Native title rights were granted to the Butchulla people by the Federal Court. This essentially enables Butchulla people to hunt, fish and take water for domestic purposes; and opens the island up to economic opportunities for current and future generations of Butchulla people through ecotourism and related business development.[13]

Initial European contact was limited to explorers and shipwrecks. The first recorded Briton to sight Fraser Island was James Cook who passed along the coast of the island between 18 and 20 May 1770. He named Indian Head after viewing a number of Aboriginal people gathered on the headland. After Cook's passage an Aboriginal song was composed to commemorate the event. This was later recognised as the first preserved oral testimony of Indigenous observation of Europeans.[14] Matthew Flinders sailed past the island in 1799, and again in 1802, this time landing at Sandy Cape,[15] while charting Hervey Bay. His 1814 chart is a combination of both voyages, but did not confirm Fraser Island as being separate from the mainland. However, Flinders did suggest the presence of shallow swampy areas at the lower part of the bay. Flinders was told of an opening at Hook Point, between Fraser Island and the mainland, by two American whalers who were hunting whales in Hervey Bay.[16] In 1842, Andrew Petrie recorded good pastoral lands and forests, attracting graziers to the region.[17] Lieutenant Robert Dayman was the first European to sail between Fraser Island and the mainland in 1847.[18]

Non-Indigenous settlement of the traditional Butchulla mainland area began in 1847, sparking frontier conflict.

Violence between Indigenous people and non-Indigenous people was reported.[19] In October 1850, it was reported that "blacks [sic] had driven away 2000 sheep from a station about forty miles from here, and had killed a shepherd."[20] In 1851, a small government-led force including Commandant Frederick Walker and a contingent of the Native Police were called in "for the purpose of endeavouring to apprehend some aboriginal natives [sic] who stand charged with various offences, and who have hitherto found shelter in the scrub" of Fraser Island.[21] Frontier war was anticipated, condoned, and facilitated by the government, with Walker receiving advice from the Attorney-General of New South Wales, John Hubert Plunkett saying, "It must, unhappily, be expected that the proposed attempt at arrest may lead to a warlike conflict and perhaps to loss of life, but the aim of the law must not be paralysed by the expectation of such results".[22]

The force included Walker, Lieutenant Richard Marshall, Sergeant Doolan, three divisions of troopers, and armed locals including James Leith Hay, aboard a schooner. A boat reputedly stolen by "the blacks [sic] from Maryborough" was captured along the way.[23] The force landed on the west coast of the island where the divisions split up. During the night, conflict began and a number of Indigenous people were shot and others captured. The weather was bad and Commandant Walker allowed his division to track down other groups without him. This group tracked a group of Indigenous people across the island to the east coast where they pursued them into the open ocean near Indian Head/Tacky Waroo to an unknown fate. After months of conflict, the force returned to Maryborough in early January 1852 and Captain Currie received a reward of £10 for his contribution.[24] According to Native Police reports, operations on Fraser Island during 24 December 1851 and 3 January 1852 were lawful, and only two Indigenous people were killed while attacking Walker’s police party on the night of 27 December 1851.[25] Academics as well as community advocates have demonstrated that the word dispersed was often used regardless of the actual results of clashes between Native Police and Indigenous Australians and the pursuing of Indigenous people into the sea at Indian Head/Tacky Waroo was most likely a massacre as the relevant report states that the Butchulla were "dispersed into the sea".[26][27]

British commissioners stationed in Maryborough reported non-Indigenous occupants felt threatened by Butchulla people.[28] In 1857, a Native Police barracks under the command of Lieutenant John O'Connell Bligh was established at Coopers Plains, now Owanyilla, not far from Maryborough. Bligh conducted further forays into Fraser Island,[29] Cooloola, and in the town of Maryborough itself.[30]

In 1859 rumours of two shipwrecked 'white' girls living with Butchulla people on Fraser Island gained some credence when Captain Arnold of the Coquette arrived in Sydney with information seeming to confirm the story.[31] Public interest was stirred and Arnold was requested by the New South Wales Government to return to the island with a rescue party, obtaining the right to a £200 bonus if the girls were brought back. The expedition was carried out with the aid of an Aboriginal man named Tommy, who identified the Aboriginal camp near Indian Head where two girls aged about 12 and 18 were located and captured.[32] On taking them to Sydney, it became evident through their appearance and through their complete lack of knowledge of the English language that the girls were likely Aboriginal 'half-castes'. Edward Preddy of the rescue party wrote that "they could not converse with any of us, nor did they seem capable of talking with the blacks."[29] Arthur Macalister stated that he "thought it very probable that these girls were half castes, and that the whole thing was a trick".[33] Further discredit was placed on the process when it was found that the Aboriginal people who were paid by the search party to find the girls were rewarded in worthless commemorative coins instead of real money.[34] The girls, 'Kitty' Mundi and 'Maria' Quoheen/Coyeen, were not returned to their home but were initially kept at the Immigration Depot, where they yearned for their family.[35] Kitty, the eldest of the two, suffered severe mental distress and died shortly afterwards. Maria survived for about 20 years, dying from pulmonary tuberculosis.[36]

 

Shelters at Boggimbah, Fraser Island, 1902. John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland. Negative number: 107735.

In 1897, as part of the implementation of the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897, the Government of Queensland moved 51 Indigenous people who had been deemed to have "reached a deplorable stage of degradation, being completely demoralised by drink, opium, disease, and intermittent periods of semi-starvation" from the Maryborough district to a camp on the west coast of Fraser Island. The main bureaucrat in charge of the relocations of Indigenous people in Queensland at the time, Archibald Meston, transported the 51 men, women and children to a defunct quarantine station at White Cliffs (Beerillbee) about 2 km south of the present day Kingfisher Bay Resort.[37] However, white residents of Maryborough made incursions into the camp area and caused tension and flare ups[38] which resulted in the relocation of the camp 10 km north to Bogimbah creek.[39] The Queensland Government ran the Bogimbah site under the direction of Archibald Meston's son and wife until February 1900, when control was handed over to the Australian Board of Missions.[40] By this time, Bogimbah had become an incarceration facility for Indigenous people from around Queensland, it was described as a hell hole of deprivation, lacking medical supplies, food and shelter and mosquito born diseases were prevalent. [41] At the end of 1899 there were 137 Indigenous people from 25 different locations, including some who had served prison sentences in places like St Helena Island and Townsville Gaol and had been refused permission to return to their homes.[42] A former Native Police trooper named Barney, who had assisted in the operations to capture Ned Kelly, was sent to Bogimbah but drowned there not long after in a boating accident.[43]

 

Archibald Meston. John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland. Negative Number 17065.

Conditions at Bogimbah were dire, with inadequate shelter and rations.[44] Inmates frequently tried to escape to the mainland in order to get access to better food and obtain employment. Some died through malnutrition, pulmonary tuberculosis and geophagia.[45] In 1904, in order to save money on funding to the Missions Board, the Queensland Government decided to shut the Bogimbah facility.[46] Of the 145 Indigenous people counted at the time of closure, 94 were transferred to the Yarrabah facility near Cairns, 33 to the Durundur facility near Woodford, 9 were kept local and another 9 escaped or were sent elsewhere.[47] Those who were removed to Yarrabah were transported by the Rio Loge and there appears to have been deceptive techniques involved in getting the people to separate from loved ones.[48] Once in Yarrabah, similarly poor living standards greeted these people and those who become troublesome were transferred to Fitzroy Island.[49]

 

McKenzie's Tramway Locomotive, c. 1920

Logging on the island began in 1863, initiated by American Jack Piggott (known as 'Yankee Jack').[17] Piggott's contribution, however, was limited as he was killed the following year by Indigenous people on the northern part of the island after what was rumoured to be a "black-shooting expedition" went awry.[50] Blackbutt trees (Eucalyptus pilularis), Queensland kauri (Agathis robusta) and satinay or Fraser Island turpentine (Syncarpia hillii) were extensively exploited as they provided excellent timber.[17][51] Satinay logs were sent to Egypt to be used in the construction of the Suez Canal.[52] For the first 70 years of logging, bullock drays were used to haul the timber to loading points on the beach.[52] Railway tracks were laid through the forest to facilitate logging, but were later removed. The logging industry continued until 1991, ceasing following concerns raised by the Commission of Inquiry into the Conservation, Management and Use of Fraser Island and the Great Sandy Region, appointed by the Goss Labor government and chaired by Justice Tony Fitzgerald.[53]

The geology of the island includes extensive deposits of rutile, ilmenite, zircon and monazite. Sand mining leases were first granted in 1950, and mining continued until 1977.[54] Without public knowledge the Queensland Government granted mining leases to the American mining company Dillingham-Murphyores in the 1960s. In 1971, the Fraser Island Defenders Organisation (FIDO) opposed the granting of more leases to the company. Despite more than 1,300 submissions that were made to the local mining warden objecting to new leases, the submission was granted.[55][56] FIDO took the case to the High Court of Australia which overruled the decision noting that the public interest was not being upheld. Dillingham-Murphyores continued mining. The Whitlam Government established Australia's first environmental impact inquiry, which recommended that mining cease.[55] Eventually the Fraser Government cancelled the company's mineral export license, which halted mining on the island. That represented a significant win for the conservation movement in Australia.[55] Fraser Island then became the first place to be included in the Australian Heritage Commission's Register of the National Estate.[57]

 

The wreck of the S.S. Maheno near Eli Creek, 2019

A major landmark on Fraser Island is the shipwreck of the S.S. Maheno. The Maheno was built in Scotland in 1905 as a luxury passenger ship for the trans-Tasman crossing. During World War I it served as a hospital ship in the English Channel, and was then returned to its owners to resume usual commercial operation. By 1935 the ship had been taken out of service and was sold to a ship-breaker in Japan. On 25 June 1935, while being towed to Osaka to be broken up, the ship was caught in a strong cyclone about 80 km (50 mi) off the coast of Queensland. The towline parted, and on 9 July 1935 the Maheno became beached on the east coast of Fraser Island.

During World War II the wreck served as target bombing practice for the RAAF and was used as an explosives demolition target by special forces from the Fraser Commando School. The remains of the ship are now severely rusted, with almost three and a half storeys buried under the sand. Because of the danger it poses, climbing on the wreck is not permitted.[58]

During World War II, the area near McKenzie's Jetty was used by the Services Reconnaissance Department (popularly known as "Z Special Unit") as a special forces training camp – the Fraser Commando School. Thousands of soldiers were trained here because the conditions were similar to those found on Pacific Islands where the Japanese were fought.[52] Lake McKenzie was used for parachute training and the wreck of the Maheno was used for explosive demolitions practice.

Visitors to the site of the Fraser Commando School today can still see various relics of its military past including armour plates used to test armour piercing explosive charges and weapons and a concrete relief map of Singapore Harbour used as an aid in operations planning.

As part of ongoing meetings in the United Nations Trusteeship Council on the Conditions in the Trust Territories, the Republic of Nauru expressed concern that its phosphate mining exportation would be depleted by the end of the century, endangering the future of the island.[59][60] In 1961, Fraser Island was proposed by Australia as a location for the resettlement of the entire population of the Republic of Nauru. The timber industry on Fraser Island managed to ensure that resettlement on Fraser Island did not proceed.[61] In 1964 in the 31st session of United Nations Trusteeship Council meetings it was concluded that Curtis Island could provide a more satisfactory resettlement for the population of Nauru.[60] Nauru rejected the offer of moving the entire population to Curtis Island due to political independence considerations that Australia would not agree to.[59] When visiting the island in 1964, the head of the Nauru delegation, Hammer de Roburt, insisted on this point of sovereignty in order to protect his people from the overt racism that he himself experienced on this tour.[62] Although a resettlement never did occur, the Republic of Nauru went on to achieve independence on 31 January 1968.

At the 2011 census, Fraser Island had a population of 194 people.[63]

On 14 October 2020, a large bushfire was started on the island by an illegal campfire. It impacted multiple communities and caused residents to flee their homes as it burned out of control.[64]

In early December interstate assistance, including from the New South Wales Rural Fire Service (NSWRFS) who provided a Boeing 737-300 Large Air Tanker waterbombing aircraft, was used to fight the fire as Happy Valley township was threatened. High temperatures, 32 °C (90 °F), and strong winds hindered fire fighting and Queensland Fire and Emergency Services (QFES) Director Brian Cox said "A lot of this fire is burning in inaccessible country …".[65]

Heavy rainfall in mid-December helped contain the fire and the QFES was able to hand control back to the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS).[66] This was the longest burning fire of the 2020–21 bushfire season up to 14 December 2020 as it had been burning since October, over two months, and as of that date, more than half the island had been "blackened" by fire.[67]

The island reopened to tourists on 15 December. The fire was still burning, but the island was declared safe for visitors, though some walking trails and burner areas were still restricted for safety.[67] It is expected that the burned areas will successfully regenerate.[68]

^ Horton, David R. (1996). "Map of Indigenous Australia". AIATSIS. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2021. ^ a b "Fraser Island". Places. Vol. 218, no. 3. The National Geographic Society. 1 September 2010. Archived from the original on 19 August 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010. ^ "Fraser Island – Queensland – Australia – Travel". The Age. The Age Company. 8 February 2004. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2010. ^ "The Stirling Castle". The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser. Vol. XXXVI, no. 3074. New South Wales, Australia. 1 February 1838. p. 2. Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022 – via National Library of Australia. ^ FraserIsland.net (2006). "Fraser Island European History". Archived from the original on 7 December 2006. Retrieved 2 February 2007. ^ "Queensland Shipwrecks, including Central and Southern Great Barrier Reef". Queensland. The Encyclopedia of Australian Shipwrecks. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2007. ^ Chloe Sargeant, NITV (2017). "Miranda Otto on 'K'gari', and correcting Eliza Fraser's 'remarkably silly' story". Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2020. ^ "Indigenous languages map of Queensland". State Library of Queensland. 2020. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020. ^ Cite error: The named reference dewha-world-htage was invoked but never defined (see the help page). ^ Walk About Australian Travel Guide. "Fraser Island". Fairfax Digital. Archived from the original on 30 December 2006. Retrieved 2 February 2007. ^ FraserIsland.net (2006). "Fraser Island Aboriginal History". Archived from the original on 7 December 2006. Retrieved 14 January 2007. ^ "Australias World Heritage Places: Fraser Island Information Sheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2010. ^ Australian Broadcasting Corporation (2014). "Fraser Island: Native title rights granted to Indigenous people by Federal Court". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2014. ^ Evans, Raymond (2007). A History of Queensland. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0521876926. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2020. ^ "Fraser Coast: History". Fraser Coast Regional Council. Archived from the original on 1 October 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2010. ^ A Voyage to Terra Australis. 1814. ^ a b c "Great Sandy National Park – Nature, Culture and History". Department of Environment and Resource Management. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2010. ^ Cite error: The named reference fiage was invoked but never defined (see the help page). ^ "THE COAST BLACKS". The Maitland Mercury And Hunter River General Advertiser. Vol. VI, no. 372. New South Wales, Australia. 26 January 1848. p. 4. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2017 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "WIDE BAY". The Sydney Morning Herald. Vol. XXIX, no. 4189. New South Wales, Australia. 19 October 1850. p. 5. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2017 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "DOMESTIC INTELLIGENCE". The Moreton Bay Courier. Vol. VI, no. 273. Queensland, Australia. 6 September 1851. p. 2. Retrieved 29 December 2017 – via National Library of Australia. ^ Skinner, L E (1975). Police of the Pastoral Frontier. UQP. pp. 46–47. ^ "FRASER'S ISLAND". The Sydney Morning Herald. Vol. XXXII, no. 4583. New South Wales, Australia. 22 January 1852. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2017 – via National Library of Australia. ^ Skinner, L E (1975). Police of the Pastoral Frontier. UQP. pp. 64–66. ^ FRASER ISLAND MASSACRE Vrai ou Faux by Paul Dillon ISBN 9781922449108 Connor Court Publishing. ^ Richards, Jonathan (2008). The Secret War: A True History of Queensland's Native Police. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 978-0-7022-3639-6. ^ Foley, Fiona (8 July 2020). "The People of K'Gari/Fraser Island: Working through 250 Years of Racial Double Coding". Genealogy. 4 (3): 5. doi:10.3390/genealogy4030074. ^ Halloran, Arthur E. "Letters to Colonial Secretary relating to Moreton Bay and Queensland" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017. ^ a b "MARYBOROUGH". The Moreton Bay Courier. Vol. XIV, no. 795. Queensland, Australia. 26 October 1859. p. 2. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2017 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "MARYBOROUGH". The Moreton Bay Courier. Vol. XIV, no. 830. Queensland, Australia. 21 February 1860. p. 4. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2017 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "A FEMALE AND TWO CHILDREN ON FRASER'S ISLAND". The Sydney Morning Herald. Vol. XL, no. 6614. New South Wales, Australia. 19 August 1859. p. 4. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2017 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "THE FRASER ISLAND GIRLS". The Brisbane Courier. 22 August 1898. p. 6. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2020. ^ "COLONIAL PARLIAMENT". The Sydney Morning Herald. Vol. XL, no. 6666. New South Wales, Australia. 19 October 1859. p. 3. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2017 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "FRAUD, DECEPTION, AND INJUSTICE PRACTISED UPON THE BLACKS OF FRAZER'S ISLAND". The Sydney Morning Herald. Vol. XLI, no. 6870. New South Wales, Australia. 14 June 1860. p. 5. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2017 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "THE WHITE GIRLS RESCUED FROM FRASER'S ISLAND". Empire. No. 2, 698. New South Wales, Australia. 18 May 1860. p. 2. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2017 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Ermology". The Queenslander. Queensland, Australia. 1 October 1898. p. 650 (Unknown). Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2020 – via Trove. ^ "SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND". Queensland Country Life. Vol. III, no. 28. 1 June 1902. p. 14. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "WHITE CLIFFS AFFAIR". The Brisbane Courier. Vol. LIII, no. 12, 257. Queensland. 26 April 1897. p. 2. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "THE WHITE CLIFFS AFFAIR". Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser. No. 7, 665. Queensland. 31 May 1897. p. 2. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Brisbane". Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser. No. 8, 492. Queensland. 30 January 1900. p. 2. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^   This Wikipedia article incorporates text from Dr Fiona Foley - Monica Clare Research Fellow (3 November 2020) published by the State Library of Queensland under CC-BY licence, accessed on 1 June 2022. ^ Evans, Raymond (1999). Fighting Words: Writing about race. St Lucia: UQP. pp. 123–143. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018. ^ "MAGISTERIAL INQUIRY". Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser. No. 8, 906. Queensland. 30 May 1901. p. 2. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "THE ABORIGINAL STATION AT BOGIMBAH". Darling Downs Gazette. Vol. XLIII, no. 9, 847. Queensland, Australia. 25 July 1901. p. 2. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "FRASER ISLAND MISSION". The Brisbane Courier. Vol. LXII, no. 14, 928. Queensland, Australia. 15 November 1905. p. 3. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "ABANDONING FRASER ISLAND MISSION". Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser. Vol. XLV, no. 6771. Queensland. 28 June 1904. p. 3. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY". The Telegraph. No. 10235. Queensland. 6 September 1905. p. 4. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Fraser Island Again". Truth. No. 243. Brisbane. 25 September 1904. p. 8. Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "ABORIGINAL NEWS". The Queenslander. No. 2123. 17 November 1906. p. 29. Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "MAGISTERIAL ENQUIRY". Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser. Vol. IV, no. 177. Queensland, Australia. 7 April 1864. p. 2. Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2017 – via National Library of Australia. ^ Huth, John; Holzworth, Peter (2005), "Araucariaceae in Queensland", in Dargavel, John (ed.), Araucarian Forests, Australia and New Zealand forest histories, vol. 2, Australian Forest History Society, ISBN 0-9757906-1-7, ISSN 1832-8156, archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2013, retrieved 23 October 2012 ^ a b c Hema Maps (1997). Discover Australia's National Parks. Milsons Point, New South Wales: Random House Australia. pp. 174–177. ISBN 1-875992-47-2. ^ "History of FIDO" (PDF). Fraser Island Defenders Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013. ^ FraserIsland.net (2006). "Fraser Island European History". Archived from the original on 7 December 2006. Retrieved 2 February 2007. ^ a b c Lines, William J. (1991). Taming the Great Southern Land. Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 237–238. ISBN 0-520-07830-6. ^ "Defending Fraser Island". Q-Album. Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021. ^ Mike Steketee (1 January 2007). "Move in New York to stop sand-mining ban". The Australian. News Limited. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010. ^ Lachie Campbell; Gillan Gout (12 June 2003). "The Maheno – the story of a famous shipwreck". ABC Wide Bay Queensland. Archived from the original on 4 April 2005. Retrieved 14 January 2007. ^ a b "Nauru Island". Asia and Oceania. Encyclopedia of the Nations. 2006. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2007. ^ a b "United Nations Trusteeship Council". International Organization. University of Wisconsin Press. 18 (4): 838–839. Autumn 1964. doi:10.1017/s0020818300025352. JSTOR 2705534. S2CID 249402265. ^ "Fraser Island". The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 February 2004. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2007. ^ "NAURU AND RACIAL PREJUDICE". The Canberra Times. Vol. 39, no. 10, 943. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 5 September 1964. p. 2. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Fraser Island (State Suburb)". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 14 July 2013.   ^ Binnie, Kerrin; and, Staff (14 November 2020). "Fraser Island bushfire closing in on township after blaze started by illegal campfire". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021. ^ Stewart, Jessica; and, Staff (7 December 2020). "Fraser Island residents told to 'leave immediately' as bushfire threatens town and interstate resources join firefighting effort". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021. Strong winds and temperatures of up to 32 degrees Celsius are predicted on Fraser Island again today as a heatwave continues to scorch parts of Queensland. – ABC News ^ Van Vonderen, Jessica; and, Staff (13 December 2020). "South-east Queensland braces for flooding after wet weekend". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021. ^ a b Hegarty, Nicole (14 December 2020). "K'gari-Fraser Island to reopen as weekend rain contains bushfire that has burned since October". ABC Wide Bay. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021. ^ Gramenz, Emilie (3 December 2020). "Fraser Island bush will regenerate despite fire scorching half of World Heritage-listed site, scientists say". ABC News (Australia). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2021.